Does Religion Cause Wars?

There is a customary conviction among numerous people that religion is the primary driver of the present and past wars exacting torment inside the world. Notwithstanding, numerous people neglect to see past that conviction; they can't comprehend that religion is only a little factor among the many adding to the reason for wars. Truth be told, religion is only a device and a reason used to conceal the requirement for force and sins of the human instinct. Among these components, it might be the distortion of strict lessons and the varying standards of some individuals.Unfortunately, these elements are regularly neglected as a great many people see this issue with an oversimplified mentality. The possibility of religion is regularly ready to bring harmony and amicability inside the world. In saying this however, religion might be curved and misused by people for either financial or political reasons, generally with the visually impaired desire for force and control. Such individuals hav e utilized religion as an instrument and a reason so as to accomplish their very own wants. This is obvious with the past Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein.The Iraqi president had intended to convince the Jihadists to begin a heavenly war against the United States and British powers, who were looking to excuse him for his position. Saddam Hussein had openly voiced his call toward the Jihadists in an Iraqi state TV, where he empowered them through his announcement, â€Å"jihad is an obligation in going up against them†¦ Those who are martyred will be remunerated in paradise. Take advantage of the lucky break, my brothers† (Saddam Hussein). It is clear; nonetheless, that Saddam Hussein didn't generally see the war he expected to start as a strict war.Instead he intended to blame religion for his own political additions, which was to keep up his situation as leader of Iraq. Taking everything into account, religion isn't the sole explanation of the past and present wars inside the world, it is additionally the individuals themselves who endeavor and wind religion itself. Numerous people regularly think that its hard to give religion an exact definition. It is inside their capacity to comprehend the idea of religion yet can't give an exact meaning of the word. In this way, many may have their own understandings of what religion really is.This idea is like how people may have fluctuating perspectives concerning the strict lessons of their religion. Unfortunately, now and again, individuals may really confuse the lessons of their religion, which can regularly prompt lamentable results. Such results are obvious with the notorious conviction of ‘Jihad'. The idea of Jihad implies â€Å"holy war† or â€Å"the sacred struggle†. It additionally instructs that there will be no utilization of viciousness â€Å"except on account of guarded wars, wars which are pursued to rebuff a dictator, or those which are intended to maintain freedom† ( Concept of Jihad, pg 2).Unfortunately, there are other people who misjudge the idea of Jihad and rather trust it to be finished accommodation to Allah, which further methods they are â€Å"prepared to bite the dust (affliction) over the span of this submission†. Such cases for the most part bring about fear mongering and self destruction bombings, where people accept that by constraining others into their religion, by death, will satisfy Allah. The most known case of these events is the September 11 self destruction bombings where around two planes collided with the twin towers in New York, USA.This occasion was not really a war but rather was rather an assault some portion of the previously progressing war between the United States and the Islamic, psychological militant gathering, Al-Qaeda. From this occasion it is clear that the individuals from Al-Qaeda had confounded the idea of Jihad and rather abused the religion by utilizing viciousness for superfluous reasons. It ver y well may be presumed that despite the fact that religion may assume a job in the reason for wars, it isn't really the main factor to fault yet additionally the error of the strict lessons of religions.It isn't exclusively religion itself that prod the grisly wars that have happened since forever, yet in addition the changing beliefs of the strict admirers. Lamentably, at times quite possibly the standards of specific people may impact them than their own strict convictions. Such terms are frequently mistaken for one another; be that as it may, there is a noticeable distinction between the two. Convictions are unchangeable as of now, explanations or realities that people have chosen to put their certainty in.On the other hand, standards are close to home ideas of flawlessness; they have no limits not at all like convictions. At the point when the beliefs of people have a bigger control over them, the outcomes frequently have a high possibility of getting disastrous. Such outcomes a re obvious inside Nazi Germany during the Second World War, after the 1930s. Germany had been under the tyranny of a dictator known as Adolf Hitler. Hitler was notoriously known for his cold-bloodedness and mass homicide towards the Jews in Germany at that time.His explanation behind his activities was that by ensuring himself against the Jews, he was â€Å"defending the workmanship of God† (Mein Kampf, pg 60). In spite of his strict explanation, he had a more profound scorn towards the Jews and wanted a perfect world, where there was just a larger part of unadulterated relatives of the â€Å"Aryan† race. The Aryan race included people with specific highlights, for example, light hair and blue eyes. Hitler accepted that the Jews were polluting his optimal race as they offered the â€Å"most striking complexity to the Aryan† (Mein Kampf, pg 259), therefore prompting his repugnance towards the Jews.It is indisputable that the convictions of Hitler were not by any means the only motivation of his activities yet in addition his outrageous beliefs, which had lead to the massacre he had affected. In this manner, it isn't just religion itself that cause wars yet in addition the contrasting beliefs of people. Religion is frequently unjustifiably accused as the immediate reason for wars all through the world. It is frequently utilized as a substitute the same number of individuals can't look past that oversimplified see. Numerous people have never considered the potential outcomes of different components adding to such wars.A not many of these variables are the abuse of religion for the individual increases of people, the confusion of strict lessons and the contrasting standards of numerous people. From these variables, it is apparent that it isn't simply religion itself that causes the wars, yet the individuals themselves additionally who really wage these outrages. Adolf Hitler (1998). Mein Kampf. US: Houghton Mifflin Company PDF record saw at â € http://www. greatwar. nl/books/meinkampf/meinkampf. pdf Last got to 26/2/12 A. Ezzati. 1986). The Concept Of Martyrdom In Islam . Accessible: http://www. al-islam. organization/al-serat/idea ezzati. htm. Last got to 26/2/12. Coel Hellier. (2011). Nazi racial philosophy was strict, creationist and contradicted to Darwinism. Accessible: http://coelsblog. wordpress. com/2011/11/08/nazi-racial-belief system was-strict creationist-and-contradicted to-darwinism/#sec5. Last got to 26/2/12. Dr. John Kelsay. (1999). THE RETURN OF THE RELIGIOUS WAR . Accessible: http://rinr. fsu. edu/fallwinter99/highlights/religiouswar. tml. Last got to 26/2/12. Hadrat Mirza Gulam Ahmad. (1995). Jihad. The genuine Islamic idea. Accessible: http://www. alislam. organization/library/articles/Jihad-Brochure. pdf. Last got to 26/2/12 Jim Lehrer. (2003). Saddam Hussein Calls for Jihad. Accessible: http://www. pbs. organization/newshour/extra/highlights/jan-june03/saddam_4-1. html. Last got to 26/2/12 M. Amir Ali. (Obscure). Islam, Jihad, and Terrorism. Accessible: http://www. aboutjihad. com/fear based oppression/islam_jihad_terrorism. php. Last got to 26/2/12.

Theories of Leadership Free Essays

Expert and Staff Development FSPSD200 Leadership Theory Simplified Allisen Penn Assistant Professor  ­ Leadership Development â€Å"Pop leadership† reasoning has large amounts of our way of life today. Book shops have retires brimming with books on leaderâ ­ transport. Pioneers and administration are talked about day by day on teleâ ­ vision, radio, papers, magazines and on the web. We will compose a custom exposition test on Speculations of Leadership or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Accordingly, many blended messages about authority are communicated. So †how would you choose what is precise? Peruse within front of an administration book and you may find that the book is more about manageâ ­ ment and business than authority. An agazine or paper may simply communicate the assessment of a renowned individual about initiative. While the viewpoint of a notable head or the understanding offered in a book might be significant, you might need to ask †is this data bolstered by explore? A comprehension of the current authority research may assist you with molding your own conclusion about what is acceptable initiative. When you figure out what is acceptable leaderâ ­ transport, you can start to build up your own administration approach. Arkansas Is Our Campus Visit our site at: http://www. uaex. edu What is administration? There are nearly the same number of meanings of leaderâ ­ hip as there are books and sentiments about initiative. You might need to charac terize administration for yourself. Compose your meaning of authority: A regularly acknowledged meaning of administration is a procedure utilized by a person to impact a gathering of individuals toward a shared objective (Bass, 1990; Howell and Costley, 2001). Maxwell (1993) just expresses that authority is impact. The accompanying review of administration hypotheses is expected to give a rundown of a portion of the exploration led on initiative over the most recent 50 years. There is a rundown of recommended perusing (page 4) to assist you with becoming familiar with the speculations cap bid to you. College of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture, and County Governments Cooperating Seven Common Views of Leadership Describe underneath: There are some regular convictions, which incorporate both actuality and fiction, about initiative that can be summed up into seven perspectives on administration (Lee and King, 2001). 1. The Genetic View †Some individuals are brough t into the world with authority abilities and others are definitely not. Just certain individuals can figure out how to lead adequately; they are naturals. On the off chance that you don't have this natural ability, there is no other viable option for you. 2. The Learned View †If you study authority arefully and practice, you can figure out how to be a viable pioneer, regardless of whom you are. As it were, this is something contrary to the hereditary view. This view is basic in the military and among administration improvement experts. 3. The Heroic View †The main great pioneers are the individuals who perform gutsy, shrewd and compasâ ­ sionate accomplishments that all of us can’t. Think about the film jobs played by Gary Cooper, Jimmy Stewart and John Wayne. The recognition is this is the sort of pioneers who get all of us in the clear. 4. The Top-Only View †Leadership just occurs at or near the highest point of an association. Every other person â€Å"just follows orders. † If you are not the chief, you are nothing. On the off chance that you are the chief, you are all that anybody could want. Being â€Å"the boss† is a definitive objective. 5. The Social Script View †When it is your appropriate go to be the pioneer, you will be inquired. When asked, you ought to acknowledge and be thankful. All things considered, not every person is inquired. This methodology is regular in proficient affiliations and urban or network associations. 6. The Position View †If you are in the activity and have the title, you are a pioneer. This thought is tradiâ ­ tional in administrations and profoundly organized rganizations and conveys some legitimacy even in the best frameworks. In the event that your title is expressed â€Å"director of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"head of†¦,† your initiative excellencies are accepted. 7. The Calling View †Although not really a strict encounter, a †Å"call† to lead can be very convincing. This idea proposes that pioneers have a feeling of strategic reason. Do any of these sound natural to you? Which one of these perspectives have you encountered? Each pioneer is unique, and no single hypothesis works for all pioneers. Start to build up your own initiative methodology by becoming familiar with the accompanying authority hypotheses. †¢ Great man Trait Behavioral Contingency Transactional Transformational Great Man. Scientists who bolster the Great Man hypothesis accept that individuals are destined to administration. This may incorporate individuals from sovereignty, high-positioning military officials and industry heads. Today, numerous individuals despite everything hold this conventional conviction, and despite the fact that this hypothesis may sound oldfashioned, inquire about proposes that a few people have character characteristics, practices and information that loan themselves to authority (Yaverbaum and Sherma n, 2008). Examining popular imperial, military or industry pioneers may furnish you with certain devices that help ou build up your own administration capacities. Characteristic Theory. Like the Great Man hypothesis, Trait hypothesis proposes that the attributes or the character of an individual may make them a successful pioneer. A few scholastics accept that potential heads can be spotted by examining the character attributes of the individual and coordinating them to the qualities of real pioneers. Attribute hypothesis was nearly surrendered by initiative specialists as administration look into developed, however in the previous not many years, there has been a restored intrigue and more research identified with Trait hypothesis. Administration qualities incorporate physical or foundation raits, individual or capacity attributes or potentially assignment or social qualities, for example, †¢ Articulate Committed Decisive Determined †¢ Educated Energetic Integrity Intelli gence Persistence Responsible Social Status Self-Confident James Kouzes and Barry Posner, creators of The Leadership Challenge, met 75,000 individuals to recognize the best ten attributes required in a pioneer. Their rundown incorporates the accompanying qualities: †¢ Broad-disapproved of Competent Dependable Fair-disapproved Forward-looking Honest Inspiring Intelligent Supportive Straightforward All of these attributes are not character raits. Numerous specialists state you don’t must be brought into the world with these characteristics. Truth be told, you can build up a portion of these qualities as a feature of your own initiative methodology. Conduct Theory. Conduct hypothesis centers around what a powerful pioneer â€Å"does. † Leadership isn't something you are brought into the world with, nor do you need a lot of generally acknowledged characteristics. Be that as it may, powerful leaderâ ­ transport is subject to the correct conduct. Specialists recommende d that for a pioneer to be successful, their conduct must shift with the circumstance. As it were, you can figure out acceptable behavior like a pioneer. that coordinate their capacity. The pioneer gives instructing, bearing, inspiration and compensations for the adherents. †¢ Situational Theory suggests that various circumstances call for various types of administration. This requires the pioneer to change their style to the capacities of their adherents. Value-based Theory. Value-based administration necessitates that the pioneer and devotee consent to an agreement. The supporter is liable for following requests to play out an assignment. The pioneer, thusly, provides compensations for following requests in finishing the errand. Value-based administration proposes that individuals possibly complete assignments when there are outside remunerations. Be that as it may, numerous individuals achieve undertakings and arrive at objectives as their very own result inside inspiration. Transformational Theory. Transformational initiative is a procedure wherein the pioneer draws in others, assembles trust and makes an association that builds the inspiration and profound quality in both the pioneer and the adherent. (Northouse, 2001). A transâ ­ formational pioneer centers around others and their needs so as to assist them with arriving at their latent capacity. From numerous points of view, transformational authority is about a leader’s capacity to make a dream identified with an objective that has significance for both the pioneer and adherent. Customizing Leadership Which of these speculations has the most intrigue to you? Compose a portrayal about how and when you would utilize the hypothesis, with whom, where and what abilities you may need to figure out how to be progressively successful. What hypothesis? Conduct hypotheses depend on classifications of conduct and administration types. The fantasy in this reasoning is that outward conduct is sufficient to set up authority. During the 1970s, inquire about discovered the vast majority of the Behavior hypothesis research to be invalid (Howell and Costley, 2001; Yaverbaum and Sherman, 2008); in any case, administration conduct is still oftentimes examined. Possibility Theory. In an increasingly dynamic way to deal with initiative, Contingency hypothesis recomâ ­ repairs coordinating a leader’s style to the privilege situâ ­ ation, which includes coordinating to the group of individuals and objectives. Two basic Contingency speculations are Path-Goal hypothesis and Situational hypothesis. †¢ Path-Goal Theory suggests that viable pioneers assist devotees with arriving at objectives through inspiration by including them in satisfying and significant assignments How would you intend to utilize what you have realized? When will you use what you realized? References and Suggested Reading Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill’s Handbook of Initiative: Theory Research and Managerial Application. New York: Free Press. Howell, J. P. , and D. L. Costley (2001). Understanding Behaviors for Effective Leadership. Seat River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. With whom do you intend to utilize what you realized? Kouzes, J. M. , and B. Z. Posner (2002). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco:

Amsterdesk

Amsterdesk I like working the night shifts at the Burton-Conner front desk because it gives me a captive environment in which I basically have nothing to do except homework. This is especially useful since almost all of my homework requires me to be onlineso, while Im supposed to be looking up the fugacity of carbon monoxide at 345 K, Im more often than not looking for a challenge. So, anyway, Im working desk from 12-2 AM tonight but it turns out that tonight, 2 AM is really 1 AM again (blast you, Benjamin Franklin!). What should I do? Work three hours? Work only two hours and leave the desk unattended at 1 AM? Just close up at 1:58 and avoid the issue altogether? Youd think that as an MIT student, I would have taken a class that would help me to solve this quandary. Here are some classes in which that problem might potentially be addressed: 14.64: Labor Economics 8.033: Relativity 21W.765: Non-Linear Narrative: Theory and Practice Ive always said I dont believe in linear time, but this is ridiculous. Remember to set your clocks back! This blog is actually part of the community service project I have to complete after embezzling $40,000 of the floors money as apple bake chair. Just playin. Also to be included in this entry later this evening: hot soldering pictures!

Declaration Of Righteousness Through Christ - 2795 Words

Declaration of righteousness through Christ Presented to Dr. Martin Sheldon BIBL 425 – Romans By Nathan Garà §onvil L23590987 Date 09/08/2014 I. Intro Understanding the doctrine of justification by faith should be every Christian primary objective, for it represents the foundation of our entire religious belief. While justification by faith has been the subject of many debates, and the target of many who are trying to undermine the Christian’s faith, it remains the most important doctrine in a Christian’s life, for it is the only doctrine that separates the Christian faith from many other religions and sects. This theological doctrine has been debated and re-debated for years. What is the reasons behind all these disagreement? Why can’t human accept the free gift of salvation without associated it with extra work? Is it because we are trying to justify ourselves? Or, is it because the human race is too far evil that it cannot accept being justified as righteous before God? Maybe Thomas Oden put it exactly, when he stated: â€Å"We in our self-assertiveness would much prefer to justify ourselves rather than receive God s free gift†¦.The message of justification is difficult to accept because it seems too good to be true. It says: Stop trying to justify yourself. You do not need to.† If we wake up one day and realize, â€Å"Hey! I don t need to justify myself!†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthen shackles will fall like dropped popcorn, and our inner soul will feel an exhilarating liberation.† WhatShow MoreRelatedReligion 204a - Christian Scriptures1620 Words   |  7 PagesPaul argues that our righteousness is obtained through our faith in Jesus alone. The book of Romans gives answers to questions everyone may ask to themselves, such as how to obtain our salvation, the judgment of all people at the end of time, how to grow closer to God, and God’s righteousness. The book has been referred to as, â€Å"The Gospel of God’s Righteousness,† which can be received only through faith in atoning the death of Jesus Christ. (Bible.org) God’s righteousness is the basic concept seenRead MoreThe Challenge Of Organizational Leadership Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal culture in order to do so. â€Å"It is important to note the distinction between practices and principles. They start from their core and grow and evolve outward over time† (Schneider, 2000, pg. ). Peter was unreservedly transformed with Christ from his old nature. Since transformation, Peter started to see all new nature to all people without failing his integrity of the gospel of grace. At this moment whenever I think about culture, I would at least seek three different elements: Read MoreEssay on The Doctrine of Christology879 Words   |  4 Pagesof the very one whom the faith professes to follow: Jesus Christ. Who was Jesus Christ, and what did He do here on this earth? In noting the importance of these issues the apostle Paul goes so far as to make the startling claim that the Christian faith is useless if predicated on a false assumption of Christ’s saving work (1 Cor. 15:14). Indeed, there are no truths more central to our faith than the personhood and work of Jesus Christ, and yet serious disagreements exist regarding the nature ofRead MoreJustification by Faith3436 Words   |  14 Pagesfaith of Abraham teaches us that a man is justified by faith alone and not by works. The prophet Habakkuk testified, â€Å"but the just shall live by his faith† (Hab. 2:4). The purpose of this paper is to gain a greater understanding of justification, through examination of â€Å"justification† in its definition; the basis for its action(s) ; the means by which one is justified; the time factors; the benefits or results that follow; and the assurance of justification. Definition So how is the term justificationRead MoreMulticultural Education And Learning A Mutual Respect1659 Words   |  7 PagesOrthodox, and Anglican. The church is the largest and possibly the oldest organized religion in the world. Catholic worshipers make up over half of all Christians. The bishop of Rome has stated the Catholic Church has origins dating back to Jesus Christ and his 12 disciples. The origins of the Roman Catholic Church originate straight from knowledge of Jesus along with his disciples, similar to all sects of organized Christianity. Jesus directed his disciples out to the outside world, and Paul welcomedRead MoreAfter God Made Covenants With Noah And Abraham He Then1732 Words   |  7 PagesAfter God made covenants with Noah and Abraham He then made a tribal covenant with mankind through the Mosaic Law on Mount Sanai. He stated, â€Å"If you will follow my Righteousness, then you will be my people and I will send an angel for your protection and drive out your enemi es before you.† The people answered God with oh sure we will adhere to Your commandments of covenant, no problem, but when Moses was barely out of site to receive the commandments they took the gold that God give them and madeRead Morejustification by faith3306 Words   |  14 Pages425 Sylvia Evans L24579490 August 20, 2012 Knowing that a man is not justified by works of the law but, a righteousness which comes from God. We know that a person is justified not by works of the law but through the faith of Jesus Christ. And we have come to believe in Christ Jesus, so that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by doing the works of the law, because no one will be justified by the work of the law. In Isaiah 45: 25 say in Lord shallRead MoreChrist in Discipleship1731 Words   |  7 Pages Christ In Discipleship DSMN 500: Discipleship Ministries March 27, 2014 The definition of a disciple is â€Å"One who accepts and assists in spreading the doctrines of another, as one of the twelve in the inner circle of Christ s followers according to the Gospel accounts.† Discipleship means nothing without Christ being the central focus. It is crucial that Christ be the central focal point for all Christian discipleshipRead MoreHow Emerson And His Ideas Were Influenced The Weakening Of Traditional Christianity During The Nineteenth Century Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"if we say we love the Father, and we hate our brother, we are liars, and the trust is not in us; and certainly if we are the true followers of Christ, I think we could not show such a disposition towards each other as we do: for God is love.† Stewart was a strong woman who believed that in the almighty power of God and his promise of eternal salvation through all her many trials and tribulations, such as when she stated that â€Å"for I cannot die in a more glorious cause than in the defense of God andRead MorePaul of Tarsus Essay - Significant Teachings1419 Words   |  6 Pagesdays of the Apostles (Acts 5:34). It was in this environment that Saul received his education in the religion of Judaism and became well versed in its dogma and apologetics. During his educational years it was instilled in him a devout hatred for Christ and his followers and for this reason he became the perfect advocate in the employment of the Sanhedrin (the supreme council, or court, in Ancient Israel) against the Christians. Saul made many trips throughout the Roman world in his years in Jerusalem

Music Education At A Young Age - 1194 Words

Today, school districts have been devaluing the importance of music. School districts are forced to cut spending on music education and replace it with other important classes, such as physical education. Music classes were the first to be cut because given a small to budget elementary schools, school officials have seen that music classes were unnecessary to education and believe that it has no benefit. I disagree with this statement because I believe it is crucial to have music education at a young age. Luckily, when I was in elementary school, there was still music education and has influenced me to become a musician because music has helped me with school and work. Having music education allows a child’s brain to develop a fully active brain, since music functions the creative side of the brain. However, studies have shown that music has helped with the left side of the brain as well, allowing students to build thinking skills and raise test scores such as the SAT. Music t raining at a young age helps develop the brain areas that involves language and reasoning. Studies have shown that music training develops the left side of the brain, which helps processing language and help recognize patterns and memorization. It is also shown that the left side of the brain is better developed with music and that can help retain new information in young minds. A good example of how music helps with new information is the alphabet. The alphabet was taught to kids as a song andShow MoreRelatedMusic And Its Effect On Students1202 Words   |  5 PagesMusic is a defining element in cultures around the world, and people are surrounded by it. It appears in movies, sporting events, nature, and important ceremonies. Even though music is an important element of society and everyday life, it is starting to decline in the nation’s schools. Although music does not seem as important as other core classes such as math and English, it is often forgotten that music impact s students in ways that applies to their core classes. From a young age, music developsRead MoreThe Importance of Funding Music and Art Programs for Young Students Across America1685 Words   |  7 PagesMuch too often in America today, modern music and art programs in schools are perceived to many as extracurricular activities rather than important subjects that are vital to a students learning and skill development. The truth of the matter is that encouraging music and art education in public schools has a much larger impact on student’s grades, academic performance, and the economy than the majority people realize. Within the next year city school budgets will be dropping by twenty five percentRead MoreThe Benefits of Music Education Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Music Education Due to budget cuts, students all across America are missing an opportunity that could benefit them greatly. Many changes all across America are cutting the fine arts program out of schools. The fine arts program is incredibly important for a child. Children should be exposed to music at a young age to help them succeed as an adult. Music education should be properly funded so they can gain important knowledge and life skills in school. Music benefits kids in multipleRead MoreYoung Children s Early Arts1552 Words   |  7 PagesYoung children s early arts experiences are important in terms of effective early childhood educational practices and learning. This presentation will promote awareness of the various modes that young children (from birth to five years of age) can and should have experiences of art-based activities within educational settings, at home and within their communities. It was previously believed that in the early childhood years, arts education was not essential. The arts education available were onlyRead MoreSocrates And Ideal Education In Platos The Republic867 Words   |  4 Pageswhat the ideal education should include. He claims that â€Å"the rearing in music is most sovereign,† and makes an argument to defend his stance (80; bk.3, ln.401, par. d). Education for Socrates is not informative (this is how â€Å"education† is mostly viewed in modern times; just filling one†™s mind with information), rather, he sees education as a formative tool to shape the soul of an individual. Socrates views music in a much broader sense than what would typically come to mind. â€Å"Music† in the RepublicRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Music Education1002 Words   |  5 Pagesinstead of practice violin music is proven to make you smarter. When a child particularly at a young age learns how to play an instrument preferably in a social setting is provides the brain of that child with extra dopamine, new neurological connections, better behavior, and higher test scores. Schools are turning to new programs to aid music education and there are many reasons to support their decision. Music has been proven over many studies to show a connection to education. Evidence of this hasRead MoreEssay on Baby DJ School898 Words   |  4 Pagessamples of recorded music to make music†. The educational experience of Baby DJ School is a portal into the wonderful worlds of electro, hip-hop, and house music. Baby DJ school originated in Brooklyn, New York and was opened by Natalie Elizabeth Weiss, DJ, composer and playwright. She opened the school in order to â€Å"attribute gross and fine motor skills, spatial reasoning, and language skills and foster a special bond between caretaker and baby.† The school provides an interactive music program for toddlersRead MoreCan Music Bridge The Economic Gap Education?1231 Words   |  5 Pages Can Music Bridge the Economic Gap in Education? Schools are supposed to be places where all who have the capacity and the willingness to succeed are able to; places where people learn and develop enough to one day go out into the world and contribute to society. Unfortunately this is not always the case. Children who attend public schools in lower income areas are at a comparative disadvantage than their higher income counter parts: due to familial issues, lack of opportunity, and schools beingRead MoreMusic is Essential to a Complete Education1398 Words   |  6 PagesEducation is the foundation that our entire society is built on. Without education, society could not grow and prosper. Without education, we wouldnt have things like electricity, plumbing, or any other common amenities that is present in our society today. Education is important to not only the children receiving it, but to their parents and members of the community as a whole. Education is offered to many in U.S. thanks to public education, and laws that say chi ldren must be in school until theyRead MoreThe Positive Effects of Music on Young Children Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesMusic has been around for ages and over time, people have changed the way it sounds, how often we listen to it, and what purpose it serves. Uses for music have become more innovative and scientifically purposeful over the years. Recently, it has been proven that children who grow up under the influence of music have a rounder, fuller experience in their education. This higher education helps children later in life as teens and young adults. Music in the lives of young children improves cognitive

Othello †Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play Free Essays

Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play; this is because it is the scene when we see Iago has successfully manipulated Othello into believing that Desdemona has not been faithful to him, this is very significant to the rest of the play as it affects everything Othello the main character thinks, feels and says from this point onwards. At the start we see a noble character, who by the end of the scene is left on his knees swearing revenge on his wife. Act three scene three is also the longest scene in the play, which reflects its importance because so much develops and evolves throughout this period. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello – Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play or any similar topic only for you Order Now During act three scene three we can actually begin to see the importance of the scene to the rest of the play, as the plot really starts to move forward, this is once Iago has planted his seeds of suspicion in Othello’s mind and starts to water them so that the suspicion will grow. This is a significant development in the play as we see Iago put the plans he spoke of in earlier soliloquies and asides into action. In act three scene three just as Cassio hurriedly leaves the room Iago says â€Å"Ha! I like not that† this is said to arose suspicion in Othello’s mind as once this has been said Iago leaves Othello to ponder the various diabolical meanings provided within this short statement, which makes him quite agitated and irritable. At the end of the scene we also see a completely transformed Othello who uses vulgar language and crude animal imagery such as â€Å"I had rather be a toad and live upon the vapour of a dungeon. Than keep a corner in the thing I love for others uses. This is a clear influence of Iago upon Othello who know seems more violent. Towards the end of the scene the decided plan of action will be for Othello to kill both Cassio and Desdemona, we know this as he says, â€Å"I will withdraw to furnish me with some swift means of death for the fair devil. † This is linked to the rest of the play because we can see Iago’s plan is starting to work, and that he has manipulated Othello enough to make him think Desdemona is unfaithful so much so he now wants to kill her, this shows a complete transformation in Othello’s character. The scene is also important as it reveals the true extent of Iago’s devilish nature and how he goes about putting it to use by manipulating Othello in way the audience would not have thought possible, he manages to tear Othello and Desdemona’s seemingly strong relationship up within a relatively short period of time, although we have already seen this side of Iago before when he shouts to Barbantio in act one scene one â€Å"an old black ram is tupping your white yew. This reveals part of his racist crude ways as well as showing us how deceitful he truly is in as much as he is pretending Roderigo is saying these things, he also reveals the marriage of Othello and Desdemona to Barbantio behind their backs. By doing this early on the audience are immediately aware of Iago’s deceitful nature. The quote also reveals Iago’s racist ways and what he thinks of moors and non-Venetians. These comments he makes would shock a twenty first century audience, as we live in a multi cultural society and everybody should be treated equally within it, however a Elizabethan audience would not of been shocked due to the fact they thought black men were sexually charged predators as shown in many of the quotes. Other signs that Iago is a skilled manipulator is the way he persuades Othello of Desdemona’s infidelity, he uses various techniques to do this, for a start he appears to let on more than he really knows, this makes Othello want to feed his suspicion. There are also points when fate plays a part in the proceedings such as when Iago receives a particular handkerchief, which was Othello’s first gift to Desdemona, he then tells Othello that Cassio dropped it, this is the proof Othello requested. Iago then went on to make up a dream he said Cassio had of Desdemona in which Cassio started saying, â€Å"sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our loves,† this completely enraged Othello, whilst Iago appeared to be getting a kick out of everything that was going on. He is also quick to point out Othello’s cultural differences in an attempt to make him feel insecure and like an outsider this is revealed in the quote â€Å"They dare not show their husbands; their best conscience. † By saying this he is telling Othello that Venetian women are loose and that he does not know what they are like, as he is an outsider. Religious references are used a plenty during this scene an example is when Othello uses such phrases as â€Å"death and damnation† and â€Å"heavan and hell† it is a very important theme in the play. The fact people were very religious in the sixteenth century is very important as it appears Iago has no concern for his soul, he has no sense of shame or remorse which is quite a chilling thought. The reason this scene is so important is the complete transformation of Othello the main character from a dignified figure to a jealous rage, we can see how successful Iago was here as earlier we saw how noble and calm Othello was when confronted by Barbantio and he told him to put his sword away now at the end of act three scene three Othello has become extremely violent and less confident in his relationship with Desdemona. We are also able to see how Shakespearian tragedies work, clearly the hero moves from a state of happiness to misery and eventual death through some fault or weakness of their own in Othello’s case his tragic weakness or flaw, can be linked to the theme of jealousy and honesty within the play, he is easily made to jump to conclusions through thoughts of jealousy when it comes to Desdemona’s infidelity, he is also too open and trusting towards certain characters like Iago who take advantage. By the end of the scene Othello has been completely enraged and his stature and reputation turn for the worst seen mainly through his language, which was once poetic like, Othello’s language was controlled and he was able to enthral an audience as he did with the duke when explaining his courtship with Desdemona. Towards the end he is left cursing using imagery of hell such as â€Å"death and damnation† which are clear influences of Iago. The point we see Othello has completely given up and lost faith in Desdemona is when he says â€Å"farewell tranquil mind† which is a clear indication of how he feels completely distraught. To make this scene stand out among the rest Shakespeare has been very clever with his dramatic devices and his use of them in particular the way people enter and exit, for example when Cassio exits hurriedly leaving Desdemona, which causes Othello to wonder why he left so hastily. There is also the matter of timing and when characters speak which causes an awful amount of dramatic intensity, as mentioned earlier the length of the scene is very significant to the rest of the play because it allows time enough for Iago to put his plan into action and to work Othello’s trust. When talking about dramatic devices we must also mention the very important part of soliloquies and asides in which a character reveals their inner most thoughts and feelings, which leads to dramatic irony as the audience are already aware of plans and actions to be undertaken. In conclusion the fact that so much significant and crucial parts take place in act three scene three prove that it is very important to the rest of the play, as it really starts to develop the plot and themes we have seen growing throughout earlier scenes. It is especially important because of the fact we see such a tremendous change in Othello. How to cite Othello – Act three scene three is one of the most important scenes in this play, Papers

The Premature Baby Essays - Neonatology, RTT, Womens Health, Infancy

The Premature Baby The Premature Baby A preterm or premature delivery is defined as the birth of the baby between the twentieth and the thirty-sixth week of pregnancy. A baby born during this time period is called premature. About 8 to 10 percent of babies in the United States and Canada are classified as premature. Preterm labor occurs because the mother goes into labor early. Most of the time there is no reason for this happening. Sometimes it is associated with the following; multiple pregnancy, abnormally shaped uterus, placenta previa, placenta abruption, high fever in the mother, untreated high blood pressure (toxemia), diabetes, sever infections in the mother, emotional and physical trauma. If a mother goes into preterm labor she has a 25 percent of it happening again. There are many complications the delivery of baby prematurely, some of them include; the lungs may not be fully mature, many complications can also arise from the lungs not being fully mature such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and Bronchol Pulmonary Dysplasia (BPD). Both of these lung diseases can result in long term oxygen administration, and if the baby is out of the hospital re-hospitalization. Other problems with the preterm baby include Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Retinopathy of Prematurity (separation of blood vessels in the eyes), Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IUG), appears in the 30 to 40% of preterm infants usually in the first 72 hours of life. It may range from a Grade I Hemorrhage to a Grade IV hemorrhage. Grade I being the least severe and Grade IV the most severe, also preterm babies are more likely to have jaundice. Do to medical advances in the care of premature babies they are now able to save babies that are a pound and even le ss. Despite these advance prematurity is still the leading cause of death in newborns. The parents of full term newborns are often surprised at the appearance of the babies. Parents of preterm infants are often shocked. The typical premiee weighs between 3 ? pounds and 4 pounds 3 ounces at birth and some weigh considerably less. The smallest can fit in the palm of your hand , and some have such tiny wrist that you can slip a wedding band over there wrist. The premiee`s skin is translucent, leaving veins and arteries visible. It seems to fit loosely, because it lacks a fat layer beneath it and is often covered in fine layer of body hair called lanugo. Skin color changes when the baby is held or feed. Brown fat is absent so the baby can not keep itself warm. The baby`s ears may be flat or folded because the cartilage is absent. Sexual Characteristics are usually not fully developed. There may not be an areola around the nipples. Because neither muscular nor nerve development is complete many reflexes have not developed such as grasping, sucking, startling, or rooting. With lack of strength and air, baby may cry little or not at all. He may also have apnea of prematurity, which is when they have cessation of breathing for a certain amou nt of time. This condition usually disappears around the corrected age of 6 months. Premature babies have a corrected age, and an actual age. The corrected age is the that they would have been if they were born term. They use the corrected age to calculate growth, development, and many other things up until the age of 2, by that time most premiee`s no longer lack behind children there age. When a premiee is born the stress it puts on the family is tremendous, it brings much worry, stress, and confusion. The parents of premiee`s sometimes tend to blame themselves for the early arrival of there baby, though most of the time there is nothing they could have done to prevent this. The family don`t realize how small the baby is until they actually see it, no matter how much the doctors emphasize it. Some parents seem to distance themselves from their baby, because of fears of death. When parents first see their baby all they really see is a very small helpless baby laying there, plus all the wires, monitor, and machines surrounding the baby. The hospital stay of premiee`s

Blood Pressure Definition and First Aid Basics

Blood Pressure Definition and First Aid Basics Ever noticed how a hose spouting water in your favorite Saturday-morning cartoon always looked like it was a snake vomiting footballs? Despite the fact that the water coming out of the end of the hose was running smoothly, its still a pretty good representation of how blood flows through our veins: in waves that we call pulses. The Pressure of the Blood Blood pressure is the force  exerted against blood vessel walls by the blood as it flows through them. Because of the way arteries and veins are used by the circulatory system, arterial walls are much thicker and withstand higher pressures than venous walls do. Arteries have the ability to expand and constrict much more than veins can, which is necessary to adjust blood pressure. Because they exert that control, they have to be sturdy. When we measure blood pressure, we are measuring the pressure in the arteries. Usually, we measure the pressure in the brachial artery, although it is possible to measure blood pressure in other arteries as well. Blood pressure is manually measured using a stethoscope to listen blood flow turbulence, a cuff to constrict blood vessels enough to stop the flow, and a sphygmomanometer (big, fancy word for a pressure gauge and a squeeze bulb).   Electronic blood pressure monitors dont need humans (other than the one theyre testing) or stethoscopes. There are plenty of blood pressure monitors in homes today. If you have a blood pressure monitor or are considering buying one, you may be wondering what exactly blood pressure is and if you should monitor it. Why Does It Matter? Anyone who has left the water on in the garden has seen the hole that rushing water can make under pressure. That erosion can also happen in the body if high blood pressure is not treated. High blood pressure can also lead to strokes and aneurysms. An aneurysm is a weak spot in an artery that swells until it bursts, and hypertension makes that process happen faster. The Pulse Blood does not flow smoothly through arteries. Instead, it surges through the arteries each time the heart beats. That surge is known as the pulse and is easily felt through arteries in the wrist and neck. Even though blood is surging through the blood vessels, there is pressure on the vessels at all times. Indeed, the pulse we feel is really the difference between the pressure exerted against the arterials walls during the hearts rest and during the hearts contractions. Why an Upside Down Fraction? When blood pressure is measured, we commonly record the pressure as two numbers, one above the other,  like a fraction. The difference between a fraction and a blood pressure is that the top number of a blood pressure is always higher than the bottom number (example: 120/80). The top number is the systolic blood pressure. This is the pressure in the artery during the beating of the heart (systole). This is the pressure that creates the pulse we feel in the wrist or neck.The bottom number is the diastolic blood pressure. This is the pressure that is always in the artery, even when the heart is resting between beats (diastole).

Biography of Kublai Khan, Ruler of Mongolia and China

Biography of Kublai Khan, Ruler of Mongolia and China Kublai Khan (September 23, 1215–February 18, 1294) was a Mongol emperor who founded the Yuan Dynasty in China. He was the most famous grandson of the great conqueror Genghis Khan, expanding his grandfathers empire and ruling the vast territory. He was the first non-Han emperor to conquer all of China. Fast Fact: Kublai Khan Known For:  Mongol Emperor, conqueror of southern China, founder of the Yuan dynasty in ChinaAlso Known As:  Kubla, KhubilaiBorn:  September 23, 1215 in MongoliaParents: Tolui and SorkhotaniDied:  February 18, 1294 in Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing, China)Education: UnknownSpouse(s): Tegulen, Chabi of the Khonigirad, Nambui  Children: Dorji, Zhenjin, Manggala, Nomukhan, Khutugh-beki, and many others Early Life Although Kublai Khan was the grandson of Genghis Khan, very little is known about his childhood. We do know that Kublai was born in 1215 to Tolui (the youngest son of Genghis) and his wife Sorkhotani, a Nestorian Christian princess of the Kereyid Confederacy. Kublai was the couples fourth son. Sorkhotani was famously ambitious for her sons  and raised them to be leaders of the Mongol Empire, despite their alcoholic and fairly ineffectual father. Sorkhotanis political savvy was legendary; Rashid al-Din of Persia noted that she was extremely intelligent and able and towered above all the women in the world. With their mothers support and influence, Kublai and his brothers would go on to take control of the Mongol world from their uncles and cousins. Kublais brothers included Mongke, later also Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Hulagu, Khan of the Ilkhanate in the Middle East who crushed the Assassins but was fought to a standstill at Ayn Jalut by the Egyptian Mamluks. From an early age, Kublai proved adept at traditional Mongol pursuits. At 9, he had his first recorded hunting success and he would relish hunting for the rest of his life. He also excelled at conquest, the other Mongolian sport of the day. Gathering Power In 1236, Kublais uncle Ogedei Khan granted the young man a fiefdom of 10,000 households in Hebei Province, northern China. Kublai did not administer the region directly, allowing his Mongol agents a free hand. They imposed such high taxes on the Chinese peasants that many fled their land. At last, Kublai took a direct interest and halted abuses, so that the population grew once more. When Kublais brother Mongke became Great Khan in 1251, he named Kublai Viceroy of Northern China. Two years later, Kublai struck deep into southwest China, in what would be a three-year campaign to pacify Yunnan, the Sichuan region, and the Kingdom of Dali. In a sign of his growing attachment to China and Chinese customs, Kublai ordered his advisors to select a site for a new capital based on feng shui. They chose a spot on the frontier between Chinas agricultural lands and the Mongolian steppe; Kublais new northern capital was called Shang-tu (Upper Capital), which Europeans later interpreted as Xanadu. Kublai was at war in Sichuan once again in 1259, when he learned that his brother Mongke had died. Kublai did not immediately withdraw from Sichuan upon Mongke Khans death, leaving his younger brother Arik Boke time to gather troops and convene a kuriltai, or selecting council, in Karakhoram, the Mongol capital. The kuriltai named Arik Boke as the new Great Khan, but Kublai and his brother Hulagu disputed the result and held their own kuriltai, which named Kublai the Great Khan. This dispute touched off a civil war. Kublai, the Great Khan Kublais troops destroyed the Mongol capital at Karakhoram, but Arik Bokes army continued fighting. It was not until August 21, 1264, that Arik Boke finally surrendered to his older brother at Shang-tu. As Great Khan, Kublai Khan had direct control over the Mongol homeland and Mongol possessions in China. He was also the head of the larger Mongol Empire, with a measure of authority over the leaders of the Golden Horde in Russia, the Ilkhanates in the Middle East, and the other hordes. Although Kublai exerted power over much of Eurasia, opponents to Mongol rule still held out in nearby southern China. He needed to conquer this region once and for all and unite the land. Conquest of Song China In a program to win Chinese allegiance, Kublai Khan converted to Buddhism, moved his main capital from Shang-du to Dadu (modern-day Beijing), and named his dynasty in China Dai Yuan in 1271. Naturally, this prompted charges that he was abandoning his Mongol heritage and sparked riots in Karakhoram. Nevertheless, this tactic was successful. In 1276, most of the Song imperial family formally surrendered to Kublai Khan, yielding their royal seal to him, but this was not the end of resistance. Led by the Empress Dowager, loyalists continued to fight until 1279, when the Battle of Yamen marked the final conquest of Song China. As Mongol forces surrounded the palace, a Song official jumped into the ocean carrying the 8-year-old Chinese emperor, and both drowned. Kublai Khan as Yuan Emperor Kublai Khan came to power through strength of arms, but his reign also featured advancements in political organization and the arts and sciences. The first Yuan Emperor organized his bureaucracy based on the traditional Mongol ordu or court system, but also adopted many aspects of Chinese administrative practice. It was a shrewd decision since he had only tens of thousands of Mongols with him, and they had to rule millions of Chinese. Kublai Khan also employed large numbers of Chinese officials and advisors. New artistic styles flourished as Kublai Khan sponsored a melding of Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism. He also issued paper currency that was good throughout China and was backed by gold reserves. The emperor patronized astronomers and clockmakers  and hired a monk to create a written language for some of Western Chinas non-literate languages. Visit of Marco Polo From a European perspective, one of the most important events in Kublai Khans reign was the 20-year sojourn in China by Marco Polo, along with his father and uncle. To the Mongols, however, this interaction was simply an amusing footnote. Marcos father and uncle had previously visited Kublai Khan  and were returning in 1271 to deliver a letter from the Pope and some oil from Jerusalem to the Mongol ruler. The Venetian merchants brought along the 16-year-old Marco, who was gifted in languages. After an overland journey of three and a half years, the Polos reached Shang-du. Marco likely served as a court functionary of some sort. Although the family asked permission to return to Venice several times over the years, Kublai Khan denied their requests. Finally, in 1292, they were allowed to return along with the wedding cortege of a Mongol princess, who was sent to Persia to marry one of the Ilkhans. The wedding party sailed the Indian Ocean trade routes, a voyage that took two years and introduced Marco Polo to what is now Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India. Marco Polos vivid descriptions of his Asian travels, as told to a friend, inspired many other Europeans to seek wealth and exotic experiences in the Far East. However, it is important not to overstate his influence; trade along the Silk Road was in full flow long before his travelogue was published. Kublai Khans Invasions and Blunders Although he ruled the worlds richest empire in Yuan China, as well as the second-largest land empire ever, Kublai Khan was not content. He grew obsessed with further conquest in East and Southeast Asia. Kublais land-based attacks on Burma, Annam (northern Vietnam), Sakhalin, and Champa (southern Vietnam) were all nominally successful. Each of these countries became tributary states of Yuan China, but the tribute they submitted did not even begin to pay for the cost of conquering them. Even more ill-advised were Kublai Khans sea-borne invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281, as well as the 1293 invasion of Java (now in Indonesia). The defeats of these armadas seemed to some of Kublai Khans subjects as a sign that he had lost the Mandate of Heaven. Death In 1281, Kublai Khans favorite wife and close companion Chabi died. This sad event was followed in 1285 by the death of Zhenjin, the Great Khans oldest son and heir apparent. With these losses, the Kublai Khan began to withdraw from the  administration of his empire. Kublai Khan tried to drown his sorrow with alcohol and luxurious food. He grew quite obese and developed gout. After a long decline, he died on February 18, 1294. He was buried in secret burial grounds in Mongolia. Kublai Khans Legacy The Great Khan was succeeded by his grandson Temur Khan, the son of Zhenjin. Kublais daughter Khutugh-beki married King Chungnyeol of Goryeo and became Queen of Korea as well. In Europe, Khans empire prompted wild flights of fancy from the time of  Marco Polos  expedition. His name may be most remembered in western countries today from the poem Kubla Khan, written by Samuel Coleridge in 1797. More importantly, Kublai Khans reign had an enormous impact on Asian history. He is regarded as one of the greatest rulers in history. He had reunited China after centuries of division and strife and ruled with shrewdness. Although the Yuan Dynasty lasted only until 1368, it served as a precedent for the later ethnic-Manchu Qing Dynasty. Sources Polo, Marco, Hugh Murray Giovanni Battista Baldelli Boni. The Travels of Marco Polo, New York: Harper Brothers, 1845.Rossabi, Morris. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Teenage pregnancy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Teenage pregnancy - Research Paper Example Previously it was believed that teen pregnancies are usually because of socio-economic factors, lack of sex related services and decreased contraception but nowadays this view is challenged by many as all these aspects have been overcome by the growing society (Kost et al 2010). It is a belief that the economic burden that is passed unto teenagers who become pregnant can put a significant strain on the possibility of a brighter future. Moreover, it could be argued that abortion can help alleviate a cycle of poverty in women who themselves are the result of teenage pregnancy. Therefore, abortions are the answer for a pregnant teenager in view of her health, future and career. Different Views on Abortion Smith (2001) carries out a study to explore the negative and adverse effects of teenage pregnancy in the form of premature delivery and stillbirth. The study is carried out in order to understand the adverse perinatal outcomes in teenage pregnancy cases. Teenagers are at a lower risk o f unhealthy outcomes when given 1st birth. Moreover, the risk of caesarean is also loweramong teenage mothers in the first delivery. However, Smith (2001) reveals that second delivery of a teenage mother is highly risky in terms of caesarean and premature or still birth. There is an increase in the teenage pregnancies between the years 2005 and 2006 by 3% (Lewin 2010). The teenage abortion rate has also been increased by approximately 1 percent from 2005 to 2006. These increasing rates are related to the struggles made by government in order to curb this issue. The "abstinence-only programs" supported by Clinton's government are called into question. However, the pregnancy rates are significantly lower in 2005 at 69.5 as compared to 116.9 in 1990. The only issue that is gaining increasing attention from the opposition is the increased rate in 2007 of 71.5 in 2006. Lewin (2010) forms an opinion that Blacks, Hispanics and Whites are all showing increasing trends on teenage pregnancies in the recent years. Teen pregnancy is generally believed to be harmful by many for not only the pregnant woman but also for the baby. Teenage pregnancy can pose health risks to the baby because the teenager woman would not be capable enough to take care of the baby at such a tender age. Similarly the teenager woman would also not be able to support her child financially and thus this would disrupt safety and life plans for the baby. The only way out of these issues to teenagers is abortion. This interruption in pregnancy leads to increased risk of breast cancer among the teenagers (Melbye et al. 1997). The study suggests that the breast cells are proliferated quickly without following the normal procedure which protects the health of the woman. There are certain positive aspects of teenage pregnancy and motherhood which keep the trend going. Seamark (2004) provides a valuable study in this regard by interviewing teenage mothers to evaluate their experiences of having children at a n early age. The responses were quite positive as the teenage mothers tend to be positive in their perceptions, goals and feel more motivated towards their aims by the responsibility of their children. They show a positive attitude towards the busy yet ambitious life to protect and help the children grow healthy and contented (Seamark 2004). The teenage pregnan

Financial Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Institutions - Essay Example As financial institution involves services of many people, it is hard to manage everything appropriately. Sometimes, due to some human errors, wrong data is stored in the records which then create problems for the managers and regulators of the institutions. Due to the increasing use of computer and technology, data is sometimes hacked or corrupted which then results in wrong approximation of assets and capital. Unfortunately, financial institutions also face troubles due to the disloyalty of their employees. In some cases, these employees reveal the private data of the institutions or get involved in stealing or bribery. Due to the lack of skills, sometimes employees make mistakes in even entering the details of the customer in the records, which then create huge problems for the institution (Operational Risk, 2008). Financial institutions are amongst the most regulated sectors in the world. They operate in an extremely regulated environment and follows laws and regulations very strongly. The reasons behind regulating financial institutions are: The operations of financial institution involve money transactions and valuable possessions of its clients and thus they need to be highly protected. The regulators of financial institution ensure its customers for the security of their belongings as any harm to these things would not only result in the financial loss of the institution but would also adversely affect its image in the world market. As technology is improving day by day, regulators of financial institutions need to monitor it closely so that they would be able to adopt it accordingly and become the trend setters. This can have a positive impact on their business and would also help in efficient storage of data and information. Financial institutions require very efficient ways of storing data as the operations of financial institutions rely mainly on the information of the

Outsourcing Voice-based Processes in Bangalore

Outsourcing Voice-based Processes in Bangalore Economists study the ways people earn a living and provide for their material needs. They study how people behave as a result of a change in price, income, or other variables. Many are employed in business and industry but there are many different areas of economics that economists specialize in. Industrial economists study many different forms of business organization. They study the production costs, markets, and investment problems. Agricultural economists study farm management and crop production. Labor economists study wages and hours of labor, labor unions, and government labor polices. Other fields of economics include taxes, banking, international trade, economic theory, and comparative economic systems. Some economists specialize in inflation, depression, employment, unemployment, and tariff polices. Others specialize in investments, the utilization of manpower, business cycles, and the development of natural resources. Societies are interested in economists conclusions beca use they keep us up to date with how the market economy is holding itself up. They give us information on how our wages will be affected, how prices on goods will alter, and how demand on products will go up because of certain decisions we make. Outsourcing has become particularly common in the information technology industry. Highly skilled positions that were once thought secure are now regularly finding their way overseas to places like India and China. Big corporations claim that there are not enough properly trained and educated workers in the United States. Labor advocates say it is all because a computer programmer, in say India, commands perhaps a third of the salary of his American counterpart. While the international human rights advocate sees the outsourcing process as a necessary step in the development of the developing world; a weapon in the fight against poverty and parochial prejudice. Still more interesting, is the argument that outsourcing is an unavoidable consequ ence of the dot.com collapse. It is as if the supporters of this theory purport that this stock market disaster was proof positive that American companies simply cant compete with American labor and much more significantly with American wages and prices. A leader in the outsourcing rush has been IBM. As one of the worlds leading information technology companies, it employs hundreds of thousands of people across the globe, and sets standards that others are bound to follow. IBMs stance on the issue is especially significant given the industrys dominance by only a very small number of large corporations: IBM, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, and handful of others. Using IBM as our prime example, we will examine the industry itself, IBMs own corporate policies, and all of the various political and social arguments for and against the computer giants course of action. A perfect example of this situation can be gleaned from a quick look at the latest available figures on the IT industry; IBM dominates the market in the production and sale of mainframe computers. From 2002 to 2003, IBMs market share increased by ten percent, as compared to an industry-wide average increase of only five percent. With this increase, IBM now holds a solid 32% piece of the forty-six billion dollar global mainframe industry. Together, IBM and its three largest competitors HP, Sun, and Dell – control nearly seventy-three percent of this market. IBM is a world leader in other fields as well. It shares the top five spots in computer notebooks with HP, Dell, Toshiba, and Acer. IBM lags only two-tenths of a percentage point behind Hewlett Packard in terms of IT storage revenue; the two companies together managing a hefty fifty-one percent share of the entire storage market. As a leading IT player, IBM and its few leading competitors thus have almost a stranglehold on the global industry. As for IBMs operations, the company employed 319,273 employees around the world in 2003. Though founded and headquartered in the United States, IBM has a large number of international facilities and the number of staffers overseas is growing. Certainly, this is a very significant proportion of the computer giants American workforce. Yet, IBMs management justifies such drastic demographic changes by appealing to the humanitarian side of the globalization debate. Executives at I.B.M. and many other companies argue that creating more jobs in lower cost locations overseas keeps their industries competitive, holds costs down for American consumers, helps to develop poorer nations while supporting overall employment in the United States by improving productivity and the nations global reach. In the year 2000, a computer programmer in India was earning an average of from $4000 to $7000 a year in United States currency. In contrast, in 2001, the average salary for computer programmers in the United States and those only with a bachelors degree in computer Science was $43,828. For those with a masters degree, salary rose to $52,149, while $66,899 typical for those with a PhD. And each of these American computer programmer salaries, were first-year offers to recent graduates. The wages themselves brook no comparison. It is obviously vastly cheaper – by a factor of at least ten – to do the same work in India. Corporate executives and globally-minded humanitarians as well point to the large pool of highly-skilled, university-educated workers in many of todays developing countries. A survey by the National Opinion Research Center of the university of Chicago found that, not only did the number of IT degrees awarded drop by that alarming percentage over the period from 1998 to 2001, but for the first time in nearly a decade, the number of IT doctorates awarded in the United States dropped below 41,000. Meanwhile, the number of Computer PhDs produced by China, Russia, India, and other countries is increasing. Nor, is the situation helped by the fact that just as these foreign nations are investing heavily in their technology programs, the United States government is trimming down its budgets. This means both less money for government programs, and more pressure on already financially-strapped schools. At the same time, in 2001, more than forty percent of science and engineering doctorates awarded in the United States went to foreign studentsIn other words, the internationalization of the computer, and with it, the computer industry, can be seen as a way of bringing the peoples of the world closer together. Universal standards – computer platforms, languages, and so forth – can facilitate communication and build up economic relationships that can lead to greater understanding across cultural lines, and to a lessening of international and interethnic conflict. But the benefits of outsourcing should be much greater than that represented by a company introduces its product to other nations. IBM, and large corporations like it, inv ests in the infrastructures of many developing countries. IBM India has made a significant investment in that countrys infrastructure. One need only go to the companys web site to see how many different businesses it has established there, or partnered with in the Republic of India: an IBM Solution Partnership Centre in Bangalore, a Linux Solution Centre in Bangalore, an IBM Linux Competency Centre, also in Bangalore, Software Labs in Bangalore and Pune, a Research Laboratory, a Global e-business Software Centre in Gurgaon, and even a Manufacturing Facility in Pondicherry. While these facilities contribute to the growth of the Indian IT Industry, and help to foster manufacturing and intellectual activity, and provide good-paying jobs for thousands of people, the philanthropic goals behind these considerable investments in the Subcontinent are perhaps best expressed by IBM Indias own mission statement description of its activities. Chapter II: Literature review THE CONTEXT: OUTSOURCING VOICE-BASED PROCESSES IN BANGALORE Bangalore, with its temperate weather and good infrastructure, had currently established itself as a South Indian centre for IT and general enterprise method outsourcing in the1990s, before voice-based methods started to be outsourced in the form of call centres. Call hubs in India drop into two groups: captive call hubs are set up and run by the (usually) transnational company for demonstration General Electric, Microsoft, Dell, HSBC; and third-party call hubs are run by Indian businesses for a international purchaser – for demonstration, Norwich Union values a call centre run by an Indian business called 24/7. The third-party call centre can of course furthermore be run by an worldwide company – Accenture sprints several call hubs in India for international clients. Voice-based methods can comprise of mechanical support, clientele support and transactions for example protection assertions (mostly inbound calls), as well as outbound calls for example sales. Many of the se interactions can be distinuished as the high-volume, low-value, routinized end of call centre work which tends to be moved to India (Taylor and Bain, 2005: 270). Both captive and third-party call hubs use bureaus for example Excellence to handle their soft skills or non-product-related teaching, which normally encompasses clientele care abilities, and any thing seen as language-related. Excellence begun as a business in 1999 that managed teaching for health transcription. It increased very quickly and now has agencies in five foremost Indian cities. There are a number of competitor bureaus in Bangalore with alike histories. Excellences foremost purchasers are inclined to be high-profile transnationals with captive call centres. The customers of these call hubs are predominantly American, but some transnationals have British, Canadian and Australian customers as well. We will glimpse that this disperse of clientele inside the identical business is important in agree to training. T he enterprise connection between call hubs and supple abilities teaching bureaus is a volatile one. Typically a call centre will have checked out more than one such bureau, and experimented with conveying the supple abilities teaching in-house (often in the pattern of the agencys identical trainers) and then dispatching it out again. Partly this is because the call centre is unconvinced about the assistance of the teaching bureau, and partially it is about expense. However, three weeks at Excellence is not inevitably that exorbitant to the call centre, as trainees are not generally on full pay for this time span, after which they are certified. This means in effect that the Excellence teaching time span is part of the recruitment method, and certifying at Excellence is the status on which a trainee can contain up on his or her job offer. The certification method is elaborate: trainees are checked three times over the three week period. For each check they are noted and this notes is made accessible to their future call centre employer. The last around of checks may be came to by a agent of the employer. Thus Excellence supposess substantial significance for the trainee, but the note she or he obtains from the boss is that time expended there is a honeymoon period. In 2003, between 75,000 and 115,000 Indians were engaged in call hubs (Taylor and Bain 2005: 267). The usual employ is in his or her early 20s, and as expected to be male as female. The job does appeal older persons from a variety of occupations, for demonstration dentistry, or the inn commerce, because of the somewhat higher pay suggested by call centres. Most junior employees will have a tertiary requirement, but this is not advised so significant when they are chartered, as connection abilities, in India as in another location, are privileged by call hubs (Taylor and Bain, 2005: 275). The way that these new employees are recounted in the English dialect broadsheets for example Times of India or As ian Age is ambivalent. On the one hand they are the cooling new lifetime, symbolic of Indias financial development, who have work hard play hard ways of life and are financially independent. On the other hand they are cyber coolies who are not in a genuine job. According to Taylor and Bain (2005) the stresses of call centre work, for example holding calls inside goal times, are overstated in India. Night moves are considered as so awful for wellbeing and communal life6 that one will bear burnout after a greatest of two years. Conditions outcome in high grades of attrition which are a foremost anxiety for employers. Furthermore, the juvenile men and women that extend to work for call hubs can effortlessly defect to another, better-paying call centre as they gain experience. Recruitment bureaus, which are inclined to be in the local area run and in the local area staffed, are therefore under force to employ as numerous candidates as possible. Judging by anecdotes in the Western newspa pers of thousands of English-speaking graduates prepared to break up call centre occupations, this barely appears a large challenge. Yet is provide actually so large as we are directed to believe? The mark English-speaking is, of course, in the context of a multilingual homeland with a well-established L2 kind, highly complex. The image offered by the press supposess that a tertiary requirement is an sign of competence in English, as tertiary organisations are normally English-medium. Recruiting staff, although, are more expected to consider a (usually urban) English-medium lesser school learning (such as they themselves have had) as the only assurance of ample skill in English and an agree to adequately free of MTI (mother tongue influence). Undesirable MTI, for the recruiters as well as for Excellence managers and trainers, as a mark, variously mentions to pan-Indian agree to characteristics for example the need of a phonemic distinction between /v/ and /w/ and more expressly loca l features. The most of these persons, who Bansal (1990) would likely mark Type A speakers, and Kachru (1994) might mark educated, are expected to consider their own kind as free of MTI. Some fact of the recruitment method (in the Excellence recruitment department) displayed that skill in syntax was seldom prioritised over accent. When interrogated about their assortment, recruiters emphasised the pan-Indian or MTI characteristics, and some local characteristics were especially singled out, for demonstration Bengali /b/ for /v/ (where the recruiter was South Indian). Recruitment staff report that the pool of English-medium-educated school leavers has dehydrated up, particularly in Bangalore, and so they should employ amidst those who have been to a regional-medium lesser school. Probably a most of the trainees at Excellence had been to regional-medium lesser schools. Thus ridding trainees of MTI is ostensibly the foremost anxiety of employees at Excellence. Part of what I will be sp eaking to is how employees and trainees at Excellence reconcile themselves to an evidently unrealistic situation: trainees have to assure trainers, trainers have to assure managers, managers have to assure controllers, and controllers have to assure purchasers that change can be wrought in an unrealistically short three-week period. Recruits from a call centre purchaser are kept simultaneously in batches of round 20 for their three-week stint at Excellence. The batches are split up into categories as asserted by if the method they will be considering with is British or American. The most of batches are American, as Excellences enterprise was primarily and still is mainly American, as is most call centre enterprise in Bangalore and India generally. As documented previous, the call centre of a transnational company will often have both British and American customers. For numerous of the trainees, this is not their first supple abilities teaching stint at Excellence. Some have returned more than two times with each new call centre job, and are expected to have been taught for both American and British calls, possibly accounting for British customers often described know-how of talking to Americanized Indian agents. Excellence has a somewhat convoluted and complicated curriculum, contrasted to its competitor teaching businesses in Bangalore. There are not less than five subjects: Customer Care, Culture, Attitude, English, and Phonetics. Customer Care and Phonetics override the curriculum. A competitor that I travelled to suggested only these two topics, whereas in that business Phonetics was sent an account as Voice and Accent. Trainers as well as trainees at Excellence expressed anxieties that Excellences approach was too learned, and really, as we will glimpse, much of the Phonetics components utilised are learned in nature. English was vitally English dialect educating to a lesser school grade, which initiated resentment amidst trainees, who contended that they did not need this remedial teaching. Here, much more so than for agree to teaching, trainees were assertive about the adequacy of their English for the task. Attitude engaged some equitably benchmark enterprise motivational seminars, and Culture from my facts did really appear to comprise mostly of the sealed past notes and observing of lather operas described in the British and American press, whereas these categories tended to become highly personalised by the trainer and were often considered by trainees as some delightful time off. Culture categories have routinely captivated the vigilance of anthropologists, butmy prime anxiety here will be with Phonetics, as this is seen by all to be the locus of agree to training. In A.T. Kearneys annual review of peak bosses of Global 1000 businesses for 2004, it was declared that China and India competitor one another and are hard-hitting demanding the United States as the worlds most highly ranked place travelled to for foreign direct buying into (FDI). Chinas place as the worlds premier constructor and assembler has been well established for some years, but Indias emergence in the peak three is a new phenomenon. When peak bosses were inquired what types of undertakings they foreseen would be relocated to India, potential investors demonstrated programs development (IT), enterprise method outsourcing (ITES), and study and development. A clear characteristic of these undertakings is the focus on information power and dematerialized services production. A.T. Kearneys outcome about Indias enticements as a FDI place travelled to might appear unsurprising granted the fast development of its programs part over the past ten years and the expanding attractiveness of enterprise method outsourcing to India. The supposed risk to white-collar paid work in the United States impersonated by the development of the Indian IT and ITES part even boasted in the run-up to the 2004 presidential election. However, for scholars of worldwide enterprise in appearing markets, the development of Indias IT and ITES part is anomalous. Hitherto, developed development was considered to accelerate throug h phases amply following a discovering bend premier to expanding technological sophistication. Industrialization was vitally examined as a sequential method engaging the progressive household development of developed parts through a combine of government-orchestrated defence and inducements (Dicken 2003). As liberalization and world trade increased quickly in the 1960s, industrializing nations for example South Korea and Taiwan identified the advantages to be had from taking up an export-oriented principle stance as a way of getting away from the limits of a somewhat little household market (Gereffi and Wyman 1990; Rodrik 1997; Young 1994). When China started to liberalize starting in 1978, an export-oriented, outward-looking industrialization scheme was appearing as the superior orthodoxy encouraged by the worldwide economic organisations for example the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and was grabbed by the Chinese authorities. The freshly industrialized finances (NIEs) of East and Southeast Asia vitally established themselves as the constructing positions of alternative by leveraging their primary relative benefit of a large and bargain work force through concentrated buying into in personal infrastructure (including trade items processing zones), a business-friendly buying into weather (including considerable economic and levy incentives), and the assurance of a tractable work force (Henley 2004). By 2005, China, a somewhat late starter, was no longer a marginal supplier. Now the third biggest swapping territory in the world after the United States and Germany, China performances a foremost function in working out the charges paid for numerous of the worlds constructed trade items (Kaplinsky 2001). India, by compare, has lagged in evolving its constructing exports. For household political causes mostly drawn from from the difficulties of neutralizing the vested concerns affiliated with the previous principle regime of developed defence and author ising, India did not start to gravely liberalize its finances until 1991. By evaluation with China, Indias merchandise trade amounted to less than 15 per hundred of Chinas trade in 2003 (World Bank 2004). Yet at the identical time, affray from Indias IT and ITES part supposedly intimidates white-collar paid work in the United States and the United Kingdom. Identified in this paper are several alterations in the international enterprise natural environment and improvement in data and communications technologies (ICTs) that have facilitated the outsourcing of programs output and, more lately, ITES. Indias emergence as a world foremost in the part is attributed to a paradox. While government principle after the 1960s boosted hefty buying into in technical and technology learning, developed principle disappointed personal buying into in constructing activities. Industrial stagnation, in turn, directed to important immigration of high-level manpower, particularly to the United States, an d diversion of entrepreneurial power into the programs services part in alignment to bypass the regulatory problem afflicting the constructing sector. The components that have facilitated the development and development of the IT and ITES part are identified. Analysis of the economic presentation of Indian-owned IT/ITES businesses discloses quickly expanding engrossment and considerably higher grades of profitability by evaluation with Indian constructing industry. Next, the appearing structure of the Indian IT/ITES part is analyzed, and a number of characteristics are distinguished. These encompass the altering function of foreign-owned captive and Indian-owned providers, and the constraints on development of the sector. Achieving service-provider integrity is pinpointed as the lone most significant component interpreting the pattern of development of the part in India. Finally, the motives behind the latest moves in the direction of outward FDI by the foremost Indian-owned program s and IT-enabled services providers in the context of the ongoing seek for service provider integrity are explained. The data utilised in this paper was assembled from fieldwork meetings with older bosses and government agents in the south Indian states of Andhra Pradesh (Hyderabad), Karnataka (Bangalore), Orissa (Bhubaneswar), Tamil Nadu (Chennai), and West Bengal (Kolkatta) in 2003 and 2004 as part of a broader study of FDI in India, searching to interpret the underperformance of India relation to China in appealing FDI. The sources of programs and IT-enabled services outsourcing A cursory written check of the GDP of all sophisticated finances discloses the well-established down turn in the assistance of constructing worth supplemented to GDP to round 25 per hundred and the increase of the services sectors assistance to GDP to between 70 and 75 per hundred of GDP. Even in constructing companies, worth supplement is progressively accomplished through knowledge-intensive undertaking s for example study and development (RD), trading, supply-chain administration, logistics, and customer-relationship administration, and less through human intervention in the constructing process. If it has proceeded to verify financial to offshore more and more constructing procedures to appearing markets, it is possibly unsurprising that the identical cost-driven reasoning has started to be directed to business-services offshoring. The identical improvements in data and communications expertise that have allowed the explosive development of outsourcing of constructing and assembly procedures in appearing markets are now impacting on services. If constructing no longer needs face-to-face interaction on a every day cornerstone, are back-office purposes and services different? For demonstration, health notes transcription; assertions processing; data-entry kinds of activity; customer-contact hubs and help lines; as well as a variety of data-interpretation jobs, for example organisin g levy comes back or bearing out statistical investigation of economic data, seldom need face-to-face communicate between purchaser and service provider. In the past, numerous of these services were nontradable in that they needed purchasers and sellers to be often accessible in the identical place. For demonstration, organising levy comes back or investigating a companys presentation needed familiarity with the companys procedures and its management. However, in perform, numerous of the jobs engaged in bearing out these undertakings do not need comprehensive framework perception but extend to happen face to face because of mechanical constraints, custom, or custom. Developments in data and communications technologies (ICTs) have taken numerous of the mechanical constraints and revolutionized the tradability of information-centered services and, thus, the possibilities for outsourcing and offshoring. As stated: The use of ICT permits information to be codified, normalized and digiti zed, which in turn permits the output of more services to be divide up, or fragmented, into lesser constituents that can be established in another location to take benefit of cost, value, finances of scale or other factors. . . . Progress in ICT has explained the mechanical difficulty of non-transportability and, for numerous services, that of non-storability. (UNCTAD 2004, 149) ICT on its own, of course, seldom explains the difficulties of integrating the multitude of jobs (only part of which are outsourced) that proceed to make up a entire enterprise method inside the buyers organization. Telecommunications connectivity is conspicuously a essential smallest obligation for services offshoring, as is the accessibility of an befitting variety of abilities in a lower-cost enterprise environment. Drafting and then overseeing a clear and accurate service grade affirmation (SLA) is the base of outsourcing. It is mechanically convoluted for all but the simplest of tasks. The first stage o f evolving such an affirmation engages characterising the enterprise method and the set of undertakings to be conveyed out. A conclusion then has to be made as to if a granted set of undertakings can be modularized and outsourced, and what linkages and command means are needed to reintegrate the outcomes of the outsourced method into the purchaser association, one time processing has been completed. Kobayasi-Hillary (2004) wisely counseled the significance of utilising easy dialect and the need for realism on both edges in organising a SLA. Fulfillment, as with any subcontract, has to rely, to a larger or lesser span, on mutual believe and forbearance. The span and deepness of the interdependence between primary and outsourcing agency, if things proceed well, is expected to evolve over time, as each party discovers about the capabilities and capabilities of the other. Even where the outsourcing supplier is a captive subsidiary of the parent business, absolutely in the early days, in tegrity is still a key topic in triumphant over heads of enterprise purposes buying these services from offshore. The economics of outsourcing IT and ITES The financial reasoning behind outsourcing is clear sufficient one time businesses start to gaze critically at the way enterprise services are organized. Dossani and Kenney (2004) pinpointed the seminal leverage of the reengineering action that cleared administration in the 1990s—in specific, its focus on decomposing, analyzing, and normalizing undertakings essential to entire a enterprise process. Reengineering, by worrying the comprehensive concern of the cost-effectiveness of enterprise methods, sensitized administration to the possibilities of outsourcing. The development of digitization and scanning expertise and over-investment in telecommunications infrastructure throughout the Internet bubble of the late-1990s intended that while capability amplified spectacularly, the charges of facts and numbers transmission dropp ed sharply. Dossani and Kenney (2004) furthermore proposed that the prevalent adoption of normalized programs stages evolved by businesses, for example IBM and Oracle for databases, Peoplesoft for human asset administration, Siebel for clientele relatives, and SAP for supply-chain administration (enterprise asset designing [ERP]), facilitated, for demonstration, the outsourcing of dataentry kinds of undertakings, premier over time to the outsourcing of blame for more and more complicated analysis. The emergence of several programs packages as global-standard stages has made it progressively very easy to circulate undertakings between sites and countries. Bartel, Lach, and Sicherman (2005) evolved a prescribed form to illustrate empirically that an boost in the stride of technological change in IT schemes and infrastructure rises outsourcing. This arises because technological change boosts companies to outsource services founded on leading- for demonstration technologies in alignment to decrease the ever more common gone under charges of taking up these new technologies. In specific, they find that the generality and portability of the abilities affiliated with IT innovations signify that companies face smaller outsourcing charges of IT-based services and so have a larger propensity to outsource these services. For the identical causes, the more IT intensive the technologies in use in a granted firm, the smaller are the outsourcing costs. The disintegrate of world supply markets in 2000, the ensuing recession, and precipitous down turn in profitability of companies from 2000 to 2003 produced in companies all through Europe, the United States, and Japan opposite strong charge pressure. At the identical time, the aftermath of the late 1990s amalgamations and acquisition rise, especially in the banking and economic services part, was compelling companies to undergo foremost restructuring in seek of vague synergies and a decreased cost base. Offshoring quickly beca me an appealing proposition for chopping costs. Why India? Indias financial principle emphasized state-led, import-substituting industrialization from self-reliance in 1947 until the financial urgent position in 1991 and the starting of important liberalization (Gupta 2005). Yet it is clear that, by Chinese measures, India has not evolved a broad-based and robust world-class constructing commerce, and today, Indias GDP development rate per capita is slower than Chinas. Indias mean annual GDP development rate between 1990 and 2003 was 5.8 per hundred, and per capita whole nationwide earnings on a buying power parity (PPP) cornerstone was US$2,880 in 2003. China, by compare, accomplished an annual GDP development rate of 9.5 per hundred over the identical time time span, and this is echoed in its higher per capita whole nationwide earnings of US$4,990 in 2003 (World Bank 2004). Indias general developed principle structure, until 1991, was conceived to regulate the development of the p ersonal part (Rajakumar 2005a). There were three pillars to this policy. The first, the Industrial Development and Regulation Act of 1951, and the second, the Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1970, were conceived to convey the personal part into alignment with nationwide financial policies. The first principle regulated the personal part through a firmly controlled scheme of authorising, and the second set out to constraint the development of the engrossment of a Outsourcing Voice-based Processes in Bangalore Outsourcing Voice-based Processes in Bangalore Economists study the ways people earn a living and provide for their material needs. They study how people behave as a result of a change in price, income, or other variables. Many are employed in business and industry but there are many different areas of economics that economists specialize in. Industrial economists study many different forms of business organization. They study the production costs, markets, and investment problems. Agricultural economists study farm management and crop production. Labor economists study wages and hours of labor, labor unions, and government labor polices. Other fields of economics include taxes, banking, international trade, economic theory, and comparative economic systems. Some economists specialize in inflation, depression, employment, unemployment, and tariff polices. Others specialize in investments, the utilization of manpower, business cycles, and the development of natural resources. Societies are interested in economists conclusions beca use they keep us up to date with how the market economy is holding itself up. They give us information on how our wages will be affected, how prices on goods will alter, and how demand on products will go up because of certain decisions we make. Outsourcing has become particularly common in the information technology industry. Highly skilled positions that were once thought secure are now regularly finding their way overseas to places like India and China. Big corporations claim that there are not enough properly trained and educated workers in the United States. Labor advocates say it is all because a computer programmer, in say India, commands perhaps a third of the salary of his American counterpart. While the international human rights advocate sees the outsourcing process as a necessary step in the development of the developing world; a weapon in the fight against poverty and parochial prejudice. Still more interesting, is the argument that outsourcing is an unavoidable consequ ence of the dot.com collapse. It is as if the supporters of this theory purport that this stock market disaster was proof positive that American companies simply cant compete with American labor and much more significantly with American wages and prices. A leader in the outsourcing rush has been IBM. As one of the worlds leading information technology companies, it employs hundreds of thousands of people across the globe, and sets standards that others are bound to follow. IBMs stance on the issue is especially significant given the industrys dominance by only a very small number of large corporations: IBM, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard, and handful of others. Using IBM as our prime example, we will examine the industry itself, IBMs own corporate policies, and all of the various political and social arguments for and against the computer giants course of action. A perfect example of this situation can be gleaned from a quick look at the latest available figures on the IT industry; IBM dominates the market in the production and sale of mainframe computers. From 2002 to 2003, IBMs market share increased by ten percent, as compared to an industry-wide average increase of only five percent. With this increase, IBM now holds a solid 32% piece of the forty-six billion dollar global mainframe industry. Together, IBM and its three largest competitors HP, Sun, and Dell – control nearly seventy-three percent of this market. IBM is a world leader in other fields as well. It shares the top five spots in computer notebooks with HP, Dell, Toshiba, and Acer. IBM lags only two-tenths of a percentage point behind Hewlett Packard in terms of IT storage revenue; the two companies together managing a hefty fifty-one percent share of the entire storage market. As a leading IT player, IBM and its few leading competitors thus have almost a stranglehold on the global industry. As for IBMs operations, the company employed 319,273 employees around the world in 2003. Though founded and headquartered in the United States, IBM has a large number of international facilities and the number of staffers overseas is growing. Certainly, this is a very significant proportion of the computer giants American workforce. Yet, IBMs management justifies such drastic demographic changes by appealing to the humanitarian side of the globalization debate. Executives at I.B.M. and many other companies argue that creating more jobs in lower cost locations overseas keeps their industries competitive, holds costs down for American consumers, helps to develop poorer nations while supporting overall employment in the United States by improving productivity and the nations global reach. In the year 2000, a computer programmer in India was earning an average of from $4000 to $7000 a year in United States currency. In contrast, in 2001, the average salary for computer programmers in the United States and those only with a bachelors degree in computer Science was $43,828. For those with a masters degree, salary rose to $52,149, while $66,899 typical for those with a PhD. And each of these American computer programmer salaries, were first-year offers to recent graduates. The wages themselves brook no comparison. It is obviously vastly cheaper – by a factor of at least ten – to do the same work in India. Corporate executives and globally-minded humanitarians as well point to the large pool of highly-skilled, university-educated workers in many of todays developing countries. A survey by the National Opinion Research Center of the university of Chicago found that, not only did the number of IT degrees awarded drop by that alarming percentage over the period from 1998 to 2001, but for the first time in nearly a decade, the number of IT doctorates awarded in the United States dropped below 41,000. Meanwhile, the number of Computer PhDs produced by China, Russia, India, and other countries is increasing. Nor, is the situation helped by the fact that just as these foreign nations are investing heavily in their technology programs, the United States government is trimming down its budgets. This means both less money for government programs, and more pressure on already financially-strapped schools. At the same time, in 2001, more than forty percent of science and engineering doctorates awarded in the United States went to foreign studentsIn other words, the internationalization of the computer, and with it, the computer industry, can be seen as a way of bringing the peoples of the world closer together. Universal standards – computer platforms, languages, and so forth – can facilitate communication and build up economic relationships that can lead to greater understanding across cultural lines, and to a lessening of international and interethnic conflict. But the benefits of outsourcing should be much greater than that represented by a company introduces its product to other nations. IBM, and large corporations like it, inv ests in the infrastructures of many developing countries. IBM India has made a significant investment in that countrys infrastructure. One need only go to the companys web site to see how many different businesses it has established there, or partnered with in the Republic of India: an IBM Solution Partnership Centre in Bangalore, a Linux Solution Centre in Bangalore, an IBM Linux Competency Centre, also in Bangalore, Software Labs in Bangalore and Pune, a Research Laboratory, a Global e-business Software Centre in Gurgaon, and even a Manufacturing Facility in Pondicherry. While these facilities contribute to the growth of the Indian IT Industry, and help to foster manufacturing and intellectual activity, and provide good-paying jobs for thousands of people, the philanthropic goals behind these considerable investments in the Subcontinent are perhaps best expressed by IBM Indias own mission statement description of its activities. Chapter II: Literature review THE CONTEXT: OUTSOURCING VOICE-BASED PROCESSES IN BANGALORE Bangalore, with its temperate weather and good infrastructure, had currently established itself as a South Indian centre for IT and general enterprise method outsourcing in the1990s, before voice-based methods started to be outsourced in the form of call centres. Call hubs in India drop into two groups: captive call hubs are set up and run by the (usually) transnational company for demonstration General Electric, Microsoft, Dell, HSBC; and third-party call hubs are run by Indian businesses for a international purchaser – for demonstration, Norwich Union values a call centre run by an Indian business called 24/7. The third-party call centre can of course furthermore be run by an worldwide company – Accenture sprints several call hubs in India for international clients. Voice-based methods can comprise of mechanical support, clientele support and transactions for example protection assertions (mostly inbound calls), as well as outbound calls for example sales. Many of the se interactions can be distinuished as the high-volume, low-value, routinized end of call centre work which tends to be moved to India (Taylor and Bain, 2005: 270). Both captive and third-party call hubs use bureaus for example Excellence to handle their soft skills or non-product-related teaching, which normally encompasses clientele care abilities, and any thing seen as language-related. Excellence begun as a business in 1999 that managed teaching for health transcription. It increased very quickly and now has agencies in five foremost Indian cities. There are a number of competitor bureaus in Bangalore with alike histories. Excellences foremost purchasers are inclined to be high-profile transnationals with captive call centres. The customers of these call hubs are predominantly American, but some transnationals have British, Canadian and Australian customers as well. We will glimpse that this disperse of clientele inside the identical business is important in agree to training. T he enterprise connection between call hubs and supple abilities teaching bureaus is a volatile one. Typically a call centre will have checked out more than one such bureau, and experimented with conveying the supple abilities teaching in-house (often in the pattern of the agencys identical trainers) and then dispatching it out again. Partly this is because the call centre is unconvinced about the assistance of the teaching bureau, and partially it is about expense. However, three weeks at Excellence is not inevitably that exorbitant to the call centre, as trainees are not generally on full pay for this time span, after which they are certified. This means in effect that the Excellence teaching time span is part of the recruitment method, and certifying at Excellence is the status on which a trainee can contain up on his or her job offer. The certification method is elaborate: trainees are checked three times over the three week period. For each check they are noted and this notes is made accessible to their future call centre employer. The last around of checks may be came to by a agent of the employer. Thus Excellence supposess substantial significance for the trainee, but the note she or he obtains from the boss is that time expended there is a honeymoon period. In 2003, between 75,000 and 115,000 Indians were engaged in call hubs (Taylor and Bain 2005: 267). The usual employ is in his or her early 20s, and as expected to be male as female. The job does appeal older persons from a variety of occupations, for demonstration dentistry, or the inn commerce, because of the somewhat higher pay suggested by call centres. Most junior employees will have a tertiary requirement, but this is not advised so significant when they are chartered, as connection abilities, in India as in another location, are privileged by call hubs (Taylor and Bain, 2005: 275). The way that these new employees are recounted in the English dialect broadsheets for example Times of India or As ian Age is ambivalent. On the one hand they are the cooling new lifetime, symbolic of Indias financial development, who have work hard play hard ways of life and are financially independent. On the other hand they are cyber coolies who are not in a genuine job. According to Taylor and Bain (2005) the stresses of call centre work, for example holding calls inside goal times, are overstated in India. Night moves are considered as so awful for wellbeing and communal life6 that one will bear burnout after a greatest of two years. Conditions outcome in high grades of attrition which are a foremost anxiety for employers. Furthermore, the juvenile men and women that extend to work for call hubs can effortlessly defect to another, better-paying call centre as they gain experience. Recruitment bureaus, which are inclined to be in the local area run and in the local area staffed, are therefore under force to employ as numerous candidates as possible. Judging by anecdotes in the Western newspa pers of thousands of English-speaking graduates prepared to break up call centre occupations, this barely appears a large challenge. Yet is provide actually so large as we are directed to believe? The mark English-speaking is, of course, in the context of a multilingual homeland with a well-established L2 kind, highly complex. The image offered by the press supposess that a tertiary requirement is an sign of competence in English, as tertiary organisations are normally English-medium. Recruiting staff, although, are more expected to consider a (usually urban) English-medium lesser school learning (such as they themselves have had) as the only assurance of ample skill in English and an agree to adequately free of MTI (mother tongue influence). Undesirable MTI, for the recruiters as well as for Excellence managers and trainers, as a mark, variously mentions to pan-Indian agree to characteristics for example the need of a phonemic distinction between /v/ and /w/ and more expressly loca l features. The most of these persons, who Bansal (1990) would likely mark Type A speakers, and Kachru (1994) might mark educated, are expected to consider their own kind as free of MTI. Some fact of the recruitment method (in the Excellence recruitment department) displayed that skill in syntax was seldom prioritised over accent. When interrogated about their assortment, recruiters emphasised the pan-Indian or MTI characteristics, and some local characteristics were especially singled out, for demonstration Bengali /b/ for /v/ (where the recruiter was South Indian). Recruitment staff report that the pool of English-medium-educated school leavers has dehydrated up, particularly in Bangalore, and so they should employ amidst those who have been to a regional-medium lesser school. Probably a most of the trainees at Excellence had been to regional-medium lesser schools. Thus ridding trainees of MTI is ostensibly the foremost anxiety of employees at Excellence. Part of what I will be sp eaking to is how employees and trainees at Excellence reconcile themselves to an evidently unrealistic situation: trainees have to assure trainers, trainers have to assure managers, managers have to assure controllers, and controllers have to assure purchasers that change can be wrought in an unrealistically short three-week period. Recruits from a call centre purchaser are kept simultaneously in batches of round 20 for their three-week stint at Excellence. The batches are split up into categories as asserted by if the method they will be considering with is British or American. The most of batches are American, as Excellences enterprise was primarily and still is mainly American, as is most call centre enterprise in Bangalore and India generally. As documented previous, the call centre of a transnational company will often have both British and American customers. For numerous of the trainees, this is not their first supple abilities teaching stint at Excellence. Some have returned more than two times with each new call centre job, and are expected to have been taught for both American and British calls, possibly accounting for British customers often described know-how of talking to Americanized Indian agents. Excellence has a somewhat convoluted and complicated curriculum, contrasted to its competitor teaching businesses in Bangalore. There are not less than five subjects: Customer Care, Culture, Attitude, English, and Phonetics. Customer Care and Phonetics override the curriculum. A competitor that I travelled to suggested only these two topics, whereas in that business Phonetics was sent an account as Voice and Accent. Trainers as well as trainees at Excellence expressed anxieties that Excellences approach was too learned, and really, as we will glimpse, much of the Phonetics components utilised are learned in nature. English was vitally English dialect educating to a lesser school grade, which initiated resentment amidst trainees, who contended that they did not need this remedial teaching. Here, much more so than for agree to teaching, trainees were assertive about the adequacy of their English for the task. Attitude engaged some equitably benchmark enterprise motivational seminars, and Culture from my facts did really appear to comprise mostly of the sealed past notes and observing of lather operas described in the British and American press, whereas these categories tended to become highly personalised by the trainer and were often considered by trainees as some delightful time off. Culture categories have routinely captivated the vigilance of anthropologists, butmy prime anxiety here will be with Phonetics, as this is seen by all to be the locus of agree to training. In A.T. Kearneys annual review of peak bosses of Global 1000 businesses for 2004, it was declared that China and India competitor one another and are hard-hitting demanding the United States as the worlds most highly ranked place travelled to for foreign direct buying into (FDI). Chinas place as the worlds premier constructor and assembler has been well established for some years, but Indias emergence in the peak three is a new phenomenon. When peak bosses were inquired what types of undertakings they foreseen would be relocated to India, potential investors demonstrated programs development (IT), enterprise method outsourcing (ITES), and study and development. A clear characteristic of these undertakings is the focus on information power and dematerialized services production. A.T. Kearneys outcome about Indias enticements as a FDI place travelled to might appear unsurprising granted the fast development of its programs part over the past ten years and the expanding attractiveness of enterprise method outsourcing to India. The supposed risk to white-collar paid work in the United States impersonated by the development of the Indian IT and ITES part even boasted in the run-up to the 2004 presidential election. However, for scholars of worldwide enterprise in appearing markets, the development of Indias IT and ITES part is anomalous. Hitherto, developed development was considered to accelerate throug h phases amply following a discovering bend premier to expanding technological sophistication. Industrialization was vitally examined as a sequential method engaging the progressive household development of developed parts through a combine of government-orchestrated defence and inducements (Dicken 2003). As liberalization and world trade increased quickly in the 1960s, industrializing nations for example South Korea and Taiwan identified the advantages to be had from taking up an export-oriented principle stance as a way of getting away from the limits of a somewhat little household market (Gereffi and Wyman 1990; Rodrik 1997; Young 1994). When China started to liberalize starting in 1978, an export-oriented, outward-looking industrialization scheme was appearing as the superior orthodoxy encouraged by the worldwide economic organisations for example the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and was grabbed by the Chinese authorities. The freshly industrialized finances (NIEs) of East and Southeast Asia vitally established themselves as the constructing positions of alternative by leveraging their primary relative benefit of a large and bargain work force through concentrated buying into in personal infrastructure (including trade items processing zones), a business-friendly buying into weather (including considerable economic and levy incentives), and the assurance of a tractable work force (Henley 2004). By 2005, China, a somewhat late starter, was no longer a marginal supplier. Now the third biggest swapping territory in the world after the United States and Germany, China performances a foremost function in working out the charges paid for numerous of the worlds constructed trade items (Kaplinsky 2001). India, by compare, has lagged in evolving its constructing exports. For household political causes mostly drawn from from the difficulties of neutralizing the vested concerns affiliated with the previous principle regime of developed defence and author ising, India did not start to gravely liberalize its finances until 1991. By evaluation with China, Indias merchandise trade amounted to less than 15 per hundred of Chinas trade in 2003 (World Bank 2004). Yet at the identical time, affray from Indias IT and ITES part supposedly intimidates white-collar paid work in the United States and the United Kingdom. Identified in this paper are several alterations in the international enterprise natural environment and improvement in data and communications technologies (ICTs) that have facilitated the outsourcing of programs output and, more lately, ITES. Indias emergence as a world foremost in the part is attributed to a paradox. While government principle after the 1960s boosted hefty buying into in technical and technology learning, developed principle disappointed personal buying into in constructing activities. Industrial stagnation, in turn, directed to important immigration of high-level manpower, particularly to the United States, an d diversion of entrepreneurial power into the programs services part in alignment to bypass the regulatory problem afflicting the constructing sector. The components that have facilitated the development and development of the IT and ITES part are identified. Analysis of the economic presentation of Indian-owned IT/ITES businesses discloses quickly expanding engrossment and considerably higher grades of profitability by evaluation with Indian constructing industry. Next, the appearing structure of the Indian IT/ITES part is analyzed, and a number of characteristics are distinguished. These encompass the altering function of foreign-owned captive and Indian-owned providers, and the constraints on development of the sector. Achieving service-provider integrity is pinpointed as the lone most significant component interpreting the pattern of development of the part in India. Finally, the motives behind the latest moves in the direction of outward FDI by the foremost Indian-owned program s and IT-enabled services providers in the context of the ongoing seek for service provider integrity are explained. The data utilised in this paper was assembled from fieldwork meetings with older bosses and government agents in the south Indian states of Andhra Pradesh (Hyderabad), Karnataka (Bangalore), Orissa (Bhubaneswar), Tamil Nadu (Chennai), and West Bengal (Kolkatta) in 2003 and 2004 as part of a broader study of FDI in India, searching to interpret the underperformance of India relation to China in appealing FDI. The sources of programs and IT-enabled services outsourcing A cursory written check of the GDP of all sophisticated finances discloses the well-established down turn in the assistance of constructing worth supplemented to GDP to round 25 per hundred and the increase of the services sectors assistance to GDP to between 70 and 75 per hundred of GDP. Even in constructing companies, worth supplement is progressively accomplished through knowledge-intensive undertaking s for example study and development (RD), trading, supply-chain administration, logistics, and customer-relationship administration, and less through human intervention in the constructing process. If it has proceeded to verify financial to offshore more and more constructing procedures to appearing markets, it is possibly unsurprising that the identical cost-driven reasoning has started to be directed to business-services offshoring. The identical improvements in data and communications expertise that have allowed the explosive development of outsourcing of constructing and assembly procedures in appearing markets are now impacting on services. If constructing no longer needs face-to-face interaction on a every day cornerstone, are back-office purposes and services different? For demonstration, health notes transcription; assertions processing; data-entry kinds of activity; customer-contact hubs and help lines; as well as a variety of data-interpretation jobs, for example organisin g levy comes back or bearing out statistical investigation of economic data, seldom need face-to-face communicate between purchaser and service provider. In the past, numerous of these services were nontradable in that they needed purchasers and sellers to be often accessible in the identical place. For demonstration, organising levy comes back or investigating a companys presentation needed familiarity with the companys procedures and its management. However, in perform, numerous of the jobs engaged in bearing out these undertakings do not need comprehensive framework perception but extend to happen face to face because of mechanical constraints, custom, or custom. Developments in data and communications technologies (ICTs) have taken numerous of the mechanical constraints and revolutionized the tradability of information-centered services and, thus, the possibilities for outsourcing and offshoring. As stated: The use of ICT permits information to be codified, normalized and digiti zed, which in turn permits the output of more services to be divide up, or fragmented, into lesser constituents that can be established in another location to take benefit of cost, value, finances of scale or other factors. . . . Progress in ICT has explained the mechanical difficulty of non-transportability and, for numerous services, that of non-storability. (UNCTAD 2004, 149) ICT on its own, of course, seldom explains the difficulties of integrating the multitude of jobs (only part of which are outsourced) that proceed to make up a entire enterprise method inside the buyers organization. Telecommunications connectivity is conspicuously a essential smallest obligation for services offshoring, as is the accessibility of an befitting variety of abilities in a lower-cost enterprise environment. Drafting and then overseeing a clear and accurate service grade affirmation (SLA) is the base of outsourcing. It is mechanically convoluted for all but the simplest of tasks. The first stage o f evolving such an affirmation engages characterising the enterprise method and the set of undertakings to be conveyed out. A conclusion then has to be made as to if a granted set of undertakings can be modularized and outsourced, and what linkages and command means are needed to reintegrate the outcomes of the outsourced method into the purchaser association, one time processing has been completed. Kobayasi-Hillary (2004) wisely counseled the significance of utilising easy dialect and the need for realism on both edges in organising a SLA. Fulfillment, as with any subcontract, has to rely, to a larger or lesser span, on mutual believe and forbearance. The span and deepness of the interdependence between primary and outsourcing agency, if things proceed well, is expected to evolve over time, as each party discovers about the capabilities and capabilities of the other. Even where the outsourcing supplier is a captive subsidiary of the parent business, absolutely in the early days, in tegrity is still a key topic in triumphant over heads of enterprise purposes buying these services from offshore. The economics of outsourcing IT and ITES The financial reasoning behind outsourcing is clear sufficient one time businesses start to gaze critically at the way enterprise services are organized. Dossani and Kenney (2004) pinpointed the seminal leverage of the reengineering action that cleared administration in the 1990s—in specific, its focus on decomposing, analyzing, and normalizing undertakings essential to entire a enterprise process. Reengineering, by worrying the comprehensive concern of the cost-effectiveness of enterprise methods, sensitized administration to the possibilities of outsourcing. The development of digitization and scanning expertise and over-investment in telecommunications infrastructure throughout the Internet bubble of the late-1990s intended that while capability amplified spectacularly, the charges of facts and numbers transmission dropp ed sharply. Dossani and Kenney (2004) furthermore proposed that the prevalent adoption of normalized programs stages evolved by businesses, for example IBM and Oracle for databases, Peoplesoft for human asset administration, Siebel for clientele relatives, and SAP for supply-chain administration (enterprise asset designing [ERP]), facilitated, for demonstration, the outsourcing of dataentry kinds of undertakings, premier over time to the outsourcing of blame for more and more complicated analysis. The emergence of several programs packages as global-standard stages has made it progressively very easy to circulate undertakings between sites and countries. Bartel, Lach, and Sicherman (2005) evolved a prescribed form to illustrate empirically that an boost in the stride of technological change in IT schemes and infrastructure rises outsourcing. This arises because technological change boosts companies to outsource services founded on leading- for demonstration technologies in alignment to decrease the ever more common gone under charges of taking up these new technologies. In specific, they find that the generality and portability of the abilities affiliated with IT innovations signify that companies face smaller outsourcing charges of IT-based services and so have a larger propensity to outsource these services. For the identical causes, the more IT intensive the technologies in use in a granted firm, the smaller are the outsourcing costs. The disintegrate of world supply markets in 2000, the ensuing recession, and precipitous down turn in profitability of companies from 2000 to 2003 produced in companies all through Europe, the United States, and Japan opposite strong charge pressure. At the identical time, the aftermath of the late 1990s amalgamations and acquisition rise, especially in the banking and economic services part, was compelling companies to undergo foremost restructuring in seek of vague synergies and a decreased cost base. Offshoring quickly beca me an appealing proposition for chopping costs. Why India? Indias financial principle emphasized state-led, import-substituting industrialization from self-reliance in 1947 until the financial urgent position in 1991 and the starting of important liberalization (Gupta 2005). Yet it is clear that, by Chinese measures, India has not evolved a broad-based and robust world-class constructing commerce, and today, Indias GDP development rate per capita is slower than Chinas. Indias mean annual GDP development rate between 1990 and 2003 was 5.8 per hundred, and per capita whole nationwide earnings on a buying power parity (PPP) cornerstone was US$2,880 in 2003. China, by compare, accomplished an annual GDP development rate of 9.5 per hundred over the identical time time span, and this is echoed in its higher per capita whole nationwide earnings of US$4,990 in 2003 (World Bank 2004). Indias general developed principle structure, until 1991, was conceived to regulate the development of the p ersonal part (Rajakumar 2005a). There were three pillars to this policy. The first, the Industrial Development and Regulation Act of 1951, and the second, the Monopoly and Restrictive Trade Practices Act of 1970, were conceived to convey the personal part into alignment with nationwide financial policies. The first principle regulated the personal part through a firmly controlled scheme of authorising, and the second set out to constraint the development of the engrossment of a