What Are The Limitations Of Delivering Vaccines - 2953 Words

What are the limitations of delivering vaccines nasally? Abstract Intranasal vaccinations are a developing area of research that can provide a promising alternative to the current strategy of intramuscular injections 1. In this review, the reasons for growing interest in intranasal administration are discussed, with those relating specifically to vaccinations being considered in more detail. In addition, the main limitations to nasal vaccines are reviewed, taking into account issues with the nasal mucosa and the vaccine formulation itself. Finally, nasal vaccinations that are currently available are discussed as well as the potential future developments in the field. Introduction Vaccinations are the cornerstone of preventing and†¦show more content†¦Since then, research in this area has been driven to overcome the issues with nasal vaccines and broaden their use as viable immunological tools. Interest in Intranasal Administration The nasal route has been extensively used for topical treatments in the past, for example, in the treatment of rhinitis with antihistamines. However, due to the appealing drug absorption potential of the nasal mucosa, intranasal administration for the systemic delivery of drugs has grown in popularity, allowing it to be considered as an alternative parenteral route of administration 11. The nasal mucosa consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that lies on top of a highly vascularised basement membrane. The columnar cell surface possesses microvilli which extensively aid systemic absorption through a greatly increased surface area 5. The highly vascularised mucosa plays a significant role in systemic absorption as blood flow, and subsequently the concentration gradient across the membrane, has a major influence in the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation 1. These anatomical aspects, coupled with the nasal cavity’s thin and porous endothelial membrane prov ide an attractive option for a range of therapeutic applications 5. An example of such an application is the administration of fentanyl. Nasal delivery of fentanyl exhibits a rapid onset of action due to the advantageous nasal anatomy and provides a Tmax of approximately 7 minutes, aShow MoreRelatedCauses And Treatments Of Gene Therapy1740 Words   |  7 Pagesprevented through vaccines. However, there are still many other diseases that can’t be cured. Many diseases have drugs and medicine that can help relieve or regulate symptoms of different medical conditions and disorders, but they do not help fix the problem at its source. However, a form of genetic engineering may soon be able to treat these problems. Gene therapy has the potential to be able to treat and cure many diseases and disorders, but it does not come without limitations and downsides. GeneRead MoreThe Origin Of The Word Nano1593 Words   |  7 Pagesdirectly into an affected organ or tissue may be technically very difficult. Mostly, the affected areas do not differ much from the normal tissues in terms of temperature, local pH value and vascular permeability. The magnetic drug delivery also has limitations connected with blood flow rate in the target. Thus, the most natural and universal way to increase the affinity of a non-specific drug to the target site is by binding the drug with targeting moiety capable of specific recognition and binding atRead MoreHow Can Knowledge Management and Organisational Learning Used to Improve Hr Management Systems and Practices and Build Intellectual Capital and Competitive Advantage for the Future.2914 Words   |  12 Pages[pic] BACHELOR OF COMMERCE BUS 378 – KNOWLEDGE AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 3 1.1 The Research Background 3 1.2 Limitation of the Report 4 1.3 Sources and Methods of Data Collection 4 2. Discussion 2.1 Knowledge Management (KM) 4 2.2 Organizational Learning (OL) 5 2.2.1 Double Loop Learning (DLL)Read MoreEvaluation Of Routine Immunization Performance Essay8403 Words   |  34 PagesChina [2]. It estimated that Pakistan has a child mortality of 86 per 1000 live birth. About 25% of these deaths are attributed to vaccine preventable diseases. In recent years the Pakistani routine immunization program faced many bottlenecks, which resulted in declining and stagnant coverage rates of all antigens leading to increasing vulnerability of children to vaccine preventable diseases. Last large measles outbreak was reported to kill more than 306 children [3]. Administrative coverage data showsRead MoreMergers Acquisitions in Pharma Industry21425 Words   |  86 Pages4.5 Research design 4.6 Qualitative research 4.7 Exploratory research 4.8 Data Collection Technique 4.8.1 Primary Data 4.8.2 Exploratory Research Design Secondary Data 4.8.3 Computerized Database 4.8.4 The Interview 4.9 Limitations of study References Chapter Five –Factors that support the research Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Foreign Direct Investment 5.2.1 Forms of FDI Chapter Summary Chapter Six-Research Findings Read MorePublic Health2465 Words   |  10 Pagesthe teaching-learning process by the health education/promotion profession. D) that the cost of health education/promotion is much less than other helping professions. Answer: C 17) The primary role of a health education specialist includes A) delivering health education/promotion programs and evaluating health education/promotion programs. B) developing health education/promotion programs for the people they serve and evaluating health education/promotion programs. C) assessing the needs and diagnosingRead MoreQuit Smoking Case Study Essay4989 Words   |  20 PagesThe task force also advises clinicians to ask all pregnant women, regardless of age, about tobacco use. Those who currently smoke should receive pregnancy-tailored counseling supplemented with self-help materials. Understanding the benefits and limitations of the available medications provides an important foundation for such a successful smoking cessation  program. Assess smoking history, level of addiction, and the health  status  of the patient. See the image below. After the assessment, interveneRead MoreSubstance Abuse Throughout Nursing : An Overview2377 Words   |  10 Pagesa weight which few but the brave can carry. To remove one’s self from the comfort of partiality and to place themselves into the hands of a sick patient without restraint is a beautiful ideal. It may seem flamboyant phrasing, but that symbolizes what a nurse is; becoming a servant to the needs of others before their own, someone who never stops choosing it. But sometimes the system fails even the strongest of soldiers; leading them down a dark and slippery path which holds the deceitful promiseRead More We Need Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay2259 Words   |  10 Pagesremoved from embryos on or before that date (NIH Stem Cell Registry). So, since George W. Bush Administrations policy on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research was added. The policy toward s embryonic stem cell research has placed extremely serious limitations on embryonic stem cell research in this country (American Thoracic Society Documents 1043-1045). Although it was estimated that 60-80 cell lines would be available, in fact only 22 cell lines produced before the policy announcement are actuallyRead MoreThe American Travel Health Nurses Association3195 Words   |  13 PagesTravel Health Nurses Association, n.d.). One of ATHNA?s main objectives is the development of professional competencies for travel medicine through increased access to educational opportunities. However, at this time ATHNA does not have a means of delivering educational content to the majority of its members due to the organization?s large geographic spread and scheduling difficulties. Goal To further the educational objectives of ATHNA, the goal of this thesis is to provide ATHNA?s Board with a

Aristotle’s Definition Of Virtue Free Essays

Nowadays, virtues are associated with refinement and nobility of one’s character. Aristotle believed that virtue is a function of the soul that guides every action of an individual. Thus, every action illuminates the discretion of an individual to act freely the chosen disposition. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle’s Definition Of Virtue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since every human has a soul and virtue is its activity, can we classify every action as virtuous action? In Nicomachaen Ethics, Aristotle examined the inter-relations among the purpose of every human action, virtues, and vices in the achievement of happiness. Aristotle believed that the supreme good is the ultimate goal of every human endeavor. What then is the â€Å"good† for a man that can be possibly attained through his endeavors? It is happiness but relatively defined; vulgar men associated it with pleasure while people with refined character ascribed it to honor. While these things are pursued to achieve happiness in one’s self, but â€Å"good† should be pursued not only for happiness but for the â€Å"good† itself—as an end. The â€Å"good† brings happiness and is associated with function or activity. For instance, if you are a behest pianist then, you are good in playing piano for you are functioning well. The well-performance of your function creates happiness not only for yourself but also for the others, thus, giving you a unique identity. In the same line of reasoning, soul is an aspect of humans that differentiated them from the rest of the animals. Thus, man’s function concerns the soul. The rational component of the soul controls man’s impulses, thus, makes him virtuous. Therefore, â€Å"human good turns out to be an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete. † As such, the nature of virtue then should be explored. Moral Virtues The product of teaching is the intellectual virtue while moral virtue resulted from the habit. Thus, it is never the case that moral virtue arises spontaneously on man’s being. Moral virtues are inculcated in man’s soul and perfected by habits. â€Å"For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. For if all men are naturally born good or bad, adept or inept in certain skills, teachers have no sense at all. On the same ground, moral virtues can be learned or destroyed in one’s soul: by interacting with others we may become just or unjust; by experiencing perils we may become brave or coward; and other circumstances may impart hedonism, ill-temperance, or self-indulgence. Moreov er, by absorbing moral virtues at very young age, great difference will be made in one’s soul. Since it is through training, virtues are acquired; training then at very young age can mold virtuous personality. Conditions for the Conduct of Virtues Just and temperate actions are done by a man who has the sense of justice and temperance. â€Å"But if the acts that are in accordance with the virtues have themselves a certain character it does not follow that they are done justly or temperately. † Several conditions are necessary for the conduct of every virtuous action: knowledge of virtues; disposition for virtuous actions; and power to do virtuous actions. Hence, knowledge on virtues is not enough to become virtuous; rather, the disposition to put virtues into actions is a must. It is common sense to us, for example, that insufficient food and water taken into the body results to poor nutrition while a balanced diet ensures good health. â€Å"So too is it, then, in the case of temperance and courage and other virtues. † Avoidance of fears leads to timidity while extreme braveness endangers one’s life; absolute abstinence creates insensibility while hedonism shapes one’s indulgence. Since wrong doings are committed due to pleasure and noble character is avoided due to pain, pleasures and pain then are subjects of every virtue. The Doctrine of the Mean â€Å"Now neither virtues nor the vices are passions, because we are not called good or bad on the ground of our passions, but are so called on the ground of our virtues and our vices. † Passions, faculties, and states of character exist in the soul: passions are desires; faculties are abilities to perceive passions; and states of character are the choices to either put the passion in action or not. Feelings of pains and pleasures or passions, and the knowledge on good or bad are not virtues for virtues involve modes of choice. In addition, we naturally have faculties and desires. The man’s virtue then, involves the state of character that makes the realization of every desire that either good or bad. â€Å"For instance, both fear and confidence and appetite and anger and pity and in general pleasure and pain may be felt too much or too little, and in both cases not well; but to feel them at the right times, with reference to the right objects, towards the right people, with the right motive, and in the right way, is what is both intermediate and best, and this is the characteristic of virtue. The deficient and excess among the activities that give pleasure or pain is a vice while moral virtues lie in between of these deficiency and excessiveness, hence, the mean. However, the â€Å"mean† can not be found among actions which are entirely wrong such as crimes and envy. For the â€Å"mean† among entirely wrong actions is either its excess or deficiency, â€Å"but however, they are done they are entirely wrong; for in general there is neither a mean of excess and deficiency, nor excess and deficiency of a mean. Also, an extreme of a particular activity can be closer to its mean such as in the case of courage; courage is more of rashness than cowardice. This is so because of the things that are farther from its â€Å"mean† are its opposites. Moreover, Aristotle’s concept of the â€Å"mean† is not a strict doctrine; since the things and degree of happiness for each individual varies, so as the extent to which the â€Å"mean† for every case lies. It is only through the aid of our practical reason that we may determine the mean in a particular situation. Thus, virtue is a set of innate dispositions for the governance one’s action towards the attainment of happiness. Happiness then is not achieved unless one acted in accordance with his virtuous dispositions. Since actions are the concern of moral virtues, the attributes then of which should be examined. The Nature of Actions The nature of actions was classified by Aristotle as voluntary, nonvoluntary and involuntary. Involuntary actions are done against one’s disposition; voluntary actions are in accordance with the disposition; and nonvoluntary actions are accidentally done due to ignorance. Since virtue governs one’s disposition to act in accordance with the â€Å"mean,† the primary basis then of a virtuous action is the goodness of choice. For an action is always a product of premeditated choice of an individual for the attainment of one’s purpose, it is therefore voluntary. This also satisfies the conditions that Aristotle believed are necessary for virtue: knowledge, volition, and doing. On the other hand, if an individual was forced for a certain action, although seem involuntary, he is still responsible for that action for he has a choice for not doing. Meanwhile doing things because of ignorance is involuntary if at the end, one recognizes ignorance while failure to do so, makes it nonvoluntary. For instance, if a drunkard is addicted to liquor due to inability to discern virtuous things, the person then is guilty of ignorance and the action is nonvoluntary. If at some point of time, the person realized his ignorance, the action then becomes involuntary. With these, only ignorance can excuse an action to be called a vice but has limitation. If after realizing virtuous things, the person has continued to be a drunkard, then the action is voluntary and he is therefore vicious. Conclusion For Aristotle therefore, virtues are dispositions that acted in accordance with the doctrine of the mean towards the attainment of happiness. Happiness can not be achieved by merely just having or knowing virtues, rather by putting virtuous dispositions into actions. Thus, virtue is an active condition that makes one apt at choosing. 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Strategic Marketing of HBC Company for Management Intelligence

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Marketing of HBC Company for Management Intelligence. Answer: Introduction Hillside Beach Club has created and always maintained unique customer experience, these has helped them have competitive advantage over other competitors in the same industry. This is evident because since the start of the company has number of clients, high clients satisfaction and high return visitor rates (Chisnall, 2012). The factors that the company has put in place include the following. First of all the company provide family vacation facility this makes it a good destination for everyone as one can come with their family to have nice time as the parents can accompany their children during holidays and have time outside their normal homes (Help guide, 2016). This makes the company make good timing when n most guests arrive between April and October when even kids are out of school this makes them get much revenue during this period. Key factors that create a unique customer experience atthe HBC The club offers rich variety satisfactions from across the range of visitors such as kids, parents, travelers and those in honeymoon. Secondly, the facility is located in a secluded bay along the coast of Mediterranean and is within 34 miles from airport (Harrison, 2009). This makes it have good access to and from by many visitors internationally and locally as there are direct flights from other neighboring countries and far destinations. Being that the resort is located along the coast give it cool serene atmosphere for the visitors coming at that place and as the well good view of the see. The company also has the right team to help the management in setting up various corporate governance relationships to help the company grow, and visitors have time to rest whenever at the resort. The Alarko group that operates the Hillside Beach Club appointed the CEO who intern took a year to constitute and build a management team that has enabled the company prospers. This team is a blend of individuals from different fields creating a unique culture and help in re-thinking service delivery every day. The facility has a larger bed capacity of up to a thousand, this large capacity help them book many visitors and even the guests are always not worried if they will miss space in the club unlike a case which can happen in other facilities this too make them have a competitive advantage (Cadogan, 2009). Each of these rooms of the resort is made elegant and are having a see view making each visitors enjoy the nature. The facility has other services such as bars and shopping arcade making less than one stop point where the visitors coming to the place are less worried as they will find all they need under one roof. The resort also has a restaurant that has a large sitting capacity to accommodate many guests. It also provide open buffet where three meals are served in a day to the visitors and after the last meat at the evening is served the hotel is turned into a nightclub where visitors get to enjoy themselves just within without going away from the resort. The HBC has always remained floating at the top of leading resorts in the region (Desa, Basu, 2013). Despite other coming with better facilities that are more than those are available at the Hillside Beach Club. However, instead they have maintained their business concept of being simple, universal, and genuineness in business in which they have emphasis that the guest should pay them for feeling good at their facility (Nash, 2015). This part ly achieved by their service men and women who are always happy whenever they are serving clients making them feeling they belong to that place and want to stay longer. This also makes them think of happiness whenever they think of the facility even when they are away. Continuous development of products and services is achievable from the feedback and thoughts provided by the guests recommending on improvements they would like to be done the following day or in future, this feedbacks can be gotten from surveys responded by the guests. After getting this information the management sits down to troubleshoot the best way they can tackle and improve the recommendations (Dobni, Dobni, Luffman, 2011). adoption out of technological tools is also make the clients have a good experience being that their comfort is not disturbed at all they do things at their locations within and outside the facility (Bharathi, 2016). This is applicable in many ways as the guests can do reservations at the facility from their homes even a year before the arrivals, from the rooms, and at any point, within the facility, the guests are able to communicate with the resort to solve a problem or make order or inquiry. Those that come with their kids for a vocation there is also a mobile application that is used for tracking kids within the facility at the kids side. Guest relations also help in building good customer experience as this is done by in most respect (Brooksbank, 2011). The guest relations department coordinates this and in their current facility, HBC has employed servant-master relationship with their guest, which is full of genuineness With the planned establishment of Hillside Beach Club in Cyprus they must put in place right approach to help them penetrate the market in their new location, therefore the management of HBC has to consider many factors that they had in Turkey which made their clients have a good experience at their resort (Battell, 2006). This must be made possible because it is the same clients they are going to serve in the new location even though some experience might be site related, but they just have to transfer how they do things in Turkey to the new location. These factors that bring about good customer experience include but not limited to continuous product development by the management, this because every yearly season the company wants to create a good experience for the guests where they do not want to do things same way year in year out (Miller, Biggart, Newton, 2013). This is achievable from the feedback and thoughts provided by the guests recommending on improvements they would lik e to be done the following day or in future, this feedbacks can be gotten from surveys responded by the guests. After getting this information the management sits down to troubleshoot the best way they can tackle and improve the recommendations. The team also has to evaluate the trends and competition in the region where they are to move in, they also have to analyze what guests from their new region like whenever they came at their resort this will as well give them type of experience they expect in the new location in Cyprus. Use of technological tools is also a must and must be adopted in a new location; this will make the clients have a good experience being that their comfort is not disturbed at all they do things at their locations within and outside the facility. This is applicable in many ways as the guests can do reservations at the facility from their homes even a year before the arrivals, from the rooms and at any point within the facility, the guests are able to communicate with the resort to solve a problem or make order or inquiry (Lavy, 2013). Those that come with their kids for a vocation there is also a mobile application that is used for tracking kids within the facility at the kids side. Sales and marketing of the facility is another approach that helps in enhancing the customer experience. They must put in place aggressive marketing techniques this will help in building the brand and place it at some level across the globe making their new location preferred facility by many guests. Based on their brand loyalty at the first location this can be translated in the new location as many guests who have had experience at the HBC in turkey can come easily in a new location in Cyprus with the expectation of getting the same experience in they got at the resort. The company has even employed technology in markets such as the use of Facebook, twitter, snapchat, Instagram (Sole, 2009). They use these tools for public relations and get feedback from their guests. The high number of rooms and beds at the new facility in Cyprus also gives the customers confidence that they will not miss out. Use of ICT systems to help in their daily operations in management and help in decision support services to the managers. These systems are used for accounting and reporting within the organization it is useful in helping on the mixing of nationalities of the guests in the rooms helping in reducing predomination of specific rooms by individuals from one nationality due to high demand of the facility by guests both locally and internationally. Factors of the customer experience that should be adapted to the Cyprus location Based on the reservations made by the guests from a specific region, chefs are able to make a menu for those guests, as they will be able to know their preferred food. Such management also helps the resort in monitoring their revenues making the organization having a strong financial base thus, they are able to expand and undertake any renovations and refurbishment of the facility (Potter, 2002). Guest relations also help in building good customer experience and this must be done by at most respect this must be transmitted to the new location in Cyprus. In their current facility, HBC has employed servant-master relationship with their guest, which is full of genuineness. With the planned establishment of Hillside Beach Club in Cyprus they must put in place right approach to help them penetrate the market in their new location, therefore the management of HBC has to consider many factors that they had in Turkey, which made their clients, have a good experience at their resort. This mu st be made possible because it is the same clients they will serve in the new location even though some experience might be site related, but they just have to transfer how they do things in Turkey to the new location. These factors that bring about good customer experience include but not limited to continuous product development by the management, this because every yearly season the company wants to create a good experience for the guests where they do not want to do things same way year in year out. The resort also has a restaurant that has a large sitting capacity to accommodate many guests. It also provide open buffet where three meals are served in a day to the visitors and after the last meat at the evening is served the hotel is turned into a nightclub where visitors get to enjoy themselves just within without going away from the resort. The HBC has always remained floating at the top of leading resorts in the region (Desa, Basu, 2013). Despite other coming with better facilities that are more than those are available at the Hillside Beach Club. However, instead they have maintained their business concept of being simple, universal, and genuineness in business in which they have emphasis that the guest should pay them for feeling good at their facility. References Battell, C. (2006). Effective marketing (1st ed.).Alexandria, Va.: ASTD Press. Bharathi, A. (2016). Marketing fundamentals. Higher Learning Research on Health, 6(4). Brooksbank, R. (2011). Business Management and communication. Management Intelligence Planning, 12(4), 10-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509410060695 Dobni, B., Dobni, D., Luffman, G. (2011). Behavioral approaches to marketing techniques. Learning Intelligence Planning, 19(6), 400-408. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500110405405 Desa, G. and Basu, S. (2013). International media on marketing techniques. Strategic marketing Journal, 7(1), pp.26-49. Cadogan, J. (2009). Business Management. Los Angeles [u.a.]: Sage. Chisnall, P. (2012). Education on marketing practices: Systematic business management. Long Range Planning, 13(1), 99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301 (80)90070-9 Help guide. (2016). Strategic Marketing: Improving your marketing strategies. Helpguide.org. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships/strategic-marketing.htm Harrison, F. (2009). Effective marketing. The Management Guide 2(3), 12-17. Sole, K. (2009). Making connections: Understanding marketing principles. Bridge point. Lavy, I. (2013). Soft Skills An Important Key to marketing in the "Shift to a Service-Driven Economy" Era. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management, and e-Learning. Miller, L., Biggart, A., and Newton, B. (2013). Basic Marketing skills. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.173-175. Nash, E. (2015). International Business Management. New York: McGraw Hill. Potter, E. (2002). Improving Marketing Skills and Employability in the 21st Century. Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 55(4), p.739

Itc Cigarettes Case free essay sample

ITC Cigarettes 1Ans: Advertising and marketing tobacco products will attract new customers. By this ban on advertising of cigarettes in Indian market ITC is going to face a tough challenge of marketing their cigarettes. Few reasons why ban acts in negative way for ITC are Advertising contributes to the concepts of independence, fashion, glamour and machismo to be associated with smoking. Tobacco advertising in any form has a powerful effect on vulnerable groups like children, young people and women. Children and the youth use tobacco due to peer pressure, to look cool, older and mature. Children and youth are also highly influenced by celebrities and film stars smoking or endorsing tobacco brands. Due to the ban they need to devise new ways to attract customers which is the biggest challenge for ITC. 2Ans: Even though the law strictly prohibits direct advertising,lack of proper implementation resulted in companies flouting the rules. We will write a custom essay sample on Itc Cigarettes Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page No,ITC should not lobby to lift the ban on cigarette advertising as it will damage the public image of the brand,more importantly because it has wide range of products. ITC should promote their brand by the following means: Surrogate advertising. Industry tactics to flout the rules by taking advantages in improper implementation of the act. Launching mobile smoking lounges. Innovative collaborations. Ex:ITC and LIC Hookah cafes for attracting youth,especially women. Involiving in CSR activities. Point-of-sale advertising. 3Ans: The factors that affect the marketing mix of ITC cigarettes other than political and legal factors are Economic factors It is expected that cigarette use will increase overtime as disposable ncomes increase in India. The tax increase has also led to many unfiltered brands being removed from the market. The smokers who currently smoke bidis switched to factory made cigarettes, then India’s cigarette consumption would increase to around 640 billion sticks. Social factors More number of health conscious people Indian traditional system which forces women not to smoke. Changing mind-set of people about cigarette consumptio n. Concepts of independence, fashion, glamour and machismo to be associated with smoking.

Trabalenguas or Spanish-Language Tongue Twisters

Trabalenguas or Spanish-Language Tongue Twisters Think you have your Spanish pronunciation down? If so, test your skills with the tongue twisters below. If they seem too easy, try repeating them rapidly. Even if youre a native speaker, youre likely to be tripped up sooner or later. Incidentally, the Spanish word for tongue twister is a compound noun, trabalenguas, or (loosely translated) thing that ties tongues. Like most other compound nouns, it is masculine. Tongue Twisters Based on Words With ‘P’ Poquito a poquito Paquito empaca poquitas copitas en pocos paquetes. (Little by little, Paquito packs a few tiny glasses in a few packages.) Pepe puso un peso en el piso del pozo. En el piso del pozo Pepe puso un peso. (Pepe put a peso on the floor of the well. On the floor of the well Pepe put a peso.) Pepe Peà ±a pela papa, pica pià ±a, pita un pito, pica pià ±a, pela papa, Pepe Peà ±a. (Pepe Peà ±a peels potatoes, cuts pineapple, blows a whistle, cuts pineapple, peels potatoes, Pepe Peà ±a.) En la poblacià ³n de Puebla, pueblo muy poblado, hay una plaza pà ºblica poblada de pueblerinos. (In the city of Puebla, a very populated town, there is a public plaza populated with Pueblans.) El hipopà ³tamo Hipo est con hipo.  ¿Quià ©n le quita el hipo al hipopà ³tamo Hipo? (Hipo the hippopotamus has a hiccup. Who is curing the hiccup for the hippopotamus Hipo? Tongue Twisters Featuring Other Hard Consonant Sounds  ¡Quà © triste ests, Tristn, con tan tà ©trica trama teatral! (How sad you are, Tristn, with such a gloomy theatrical tale! Una cacatrepa trepa tiene tres cacatrepitos. Cuando la cacatrepa trepa trepan los tres cacatrepitos. (A climbing caterpillar has three baby caterpillars. When the climbing caterpillar climbs the three baby caterpillars climb.) Como poco coco como, poco coco compro. (Since I eat little coconut, little coconut I buy.) Comprà © pocas copas, pocas copas comprà ©, como comprà © pocas copas, pocas copas pagarà ©. (I will buy few drinking glasses, few drinking glasses I will buy, as I will buy few drinking cups, few drinking cups will I pay.) Toto toma tà ©, Tita toma mate, y yo me tomo toda mi taza de chocolate. (Toto drinks tea, Tita drinks mate, and I drink up all my cup of chocolate.) Cuando cuentes cuentos, cuenta cuantos cuentos cuentas, porque si no cuentas cuantos cuentos cuentas nunca sabrs cuantos cuentos cuentas tà º. (When you tell me stories, tell me how many stories you tell me, because if you dont tell me how many stories you are telling me, you will never now how many stories you are telling me.) El amor es una locura que solo el cura lo cura, pero el cura que lo cura comete una gran locura. (Love is a great lunacy that only a priest can cure, but the priest who cures it commits a great lunacy.) Tongue Twisters Featuring Soft Consonant Sounds Ñoà ±o Yà ±ez come à ±ame en las maà ±anas con el nià ±o. (Ñoà ±o Yà ±ez eats yams in the mornings with the boy.)  ¡Esmerà ­lemelo! (Polish it for me.) Eugenio es muy ingenuo.  ¡quà © genio tiene el ingenuo de Eugenio! (Eugene is very naive. What genius has the naivete of Eugene!) Busco al vasco bizco brusco. (Im looking for the rude cross-eyed Basque.) El nià ±o est sosegado.  ¿Quià ©n lo desasosegar? El desasosegador que lo desasosiegue, buen desasosegador ser. (The child is tranquil. Who will disturb him? The disturber who disturbs him will be a good disturber.) Si don Curro ahorra ahora, ahora ahorra don Curro. (If Curro is saving now, now is Curro saving.) El suelo est enladrillado.  ¿Quià ©n lo desenladrillar? El desenladrillador que lo desenladrillare un buen desenladrillador ser. (The ground is paved with bricks. Who will unpave it? The unpaver who unpaves it a good unpaver will be.) Tres tristes tigres comà ­an trigo en tres tristes platos sentados en un trigal. (Three sad tigers were eating wheat on three sad plates placed in a wheat field.) Por la calle Carretas pasaba un perrito; pasà ³ una carreta, le pillà ³ el rabito.  ¡Pobre perrito, como lloraba por su rabito! (A puppy walked through Carretas street; a cart passed by and ran over his dear tail. Poor puppy, how he cried for his dear tail!) La sucesià ³n sucesiva de sucesos sucede sucesivamente con la sucesià ³n del tiempo. (The successive series of events occurs successively with the succession of time.)

Assessment of ALDI Marrketing Plan

Today, marketing is a fundamental aspect and have assisted most companies around the globe to achieve growth potentials. Apparently, institutions that value total quality management and customer satisfaction usually position the business at a good point to compete favorably in the market (Wilkie, et al. 2015, p. 424). To favorably compete in the dynamic business environment, most organizations align their objectives with its functions units including the finance, human resource, and operation management.   The selection and targeting of the right customers and provision of customer-centric products are among the primary considerations that most business has relied on to develop marketing strategies.   Efficient marketing requires the employment of professional marketers who can perform an appropriate media planning and ensure enacted measures culminates to the desired objective. The most important factors of production are the qualified marketing department, operation management, and above all the financial resources (Stannage, 2106). Marketing, therefore, is the process of positioning the product to the consumers to influence their buying decision (Kotler & Keller, 2016). A focus is usually on the customer's purchase behavior and afterwards informing and promising them that the qualities they might be seeking are contained in the product. In the report, I have explored the marketing strategies used by Aldi Australia in overcoming the fierce competition that has existed in Australia market for a long period. Also, the report has described the background of Aldi, followed by an analysis of the marketing strategies the company has used since the incorporation in 2001, and further offered recommendations to boost marketing strategies currently used. From the conclusion, it is apparent that marketing is a critical function that plays pivotal roles in the success of business, more so, the Aldi Stores in Australia. History about Aldi dates back the year 2001 when the players in the grocery industry recognized its presence in Australia market. Before this period, the company was in operational but under different names and if not, it was under different management and existed in other countries. Aldi operates beyond the borders, for instance, most of Europe, and it majorly deals in the grocery industry (Grant & Butler, 2011, p. 49-90). Because the report intended in assessing the marketing strategy plan for Aldi in Australia, other areas like the United Kingdom and the United States where the company operates were not captured. Despite starting when a significant market share was dominated by Woolworth and Coles, the embrasure of technology and adoption of low pricing strategy has enabled it overpower these competitors and emerge as one of the best supermarkets to shop in Australia (BBC, 2015). Besides, Aldi makes a monthly sale of more than a billion every month where an average of 6.1 million people shops in Aldi stores located all over the country. The investment of about $2.8 billion in the grocery industry shows that the company is large and there and it records an annual turnover of about $7billion. However, measures need to be enacted to enhance the implementation of marketing strategies, in consideration of the changing customer needs and preferences. The company is currently aiming at establishing more stores in the Southern region of Australia to increase the number of stores from about 450 stores (Ruddick, 2012). However, the expansion in the major city has been a problem because of the discriminative State regulations governing planning and developments in urban cities. These bureaucracies existing for smaller firms to establish development projects in the major city has negatively impacted on the pace of infrastructural growth for Aldi. This restriction has bee n a major setback to the administration of the company. In the recent days, the technological breakthrough has been the primary factor that has significantly boosted the efforts of sales persons and promoted media planning. Aldi has appropriately utilized the, marketing mix â€Å"4ps†, promotional mix â€Å"Mc Kinsey 7s†, opportunities and strengths and financed promotional and marketing plans (Pash, 2016).   A thorough understanding of the external environment through the use of environmental tools assists the management to gain knowledge about; the magnitude of competition as well as customers purchasing behaviors (Solis, 2011, p. 201-202). Relying on the internal environment is importance in customizing on the strengths and opportunities. Over the period, Aldi has been keen in applying a marketing approach that tally with the company financial ability (Pash, 2016).   This part has, therefore, assessed the marketing strategies and further proposed other approaches to be applied by the management of Aldi. Aldi is a famous company in the provision of quality products at relatively low prices. In addition, its marketing strategies are well known to buyers because they focus much on the market needs and company mission. Indeed, Aldi has been more influential to suppliers and manufacturers to offer quality products at lower prices (Muston, 2014). The company has, however, applied the following sales and marketing measures to convince and attract customers. As we talk today, Aldi is one of the leading sellers of grocery products to the most of the people in Australia who are known to uphold price sensitive character. First and foremost, Aldi has utilized pricing strategy to win the favor of the customers. The approach has involved selling quality products to customers at the lowest price. Despite the company just being a dealer, it has managed to offer its products to consumers at affordable prices. Additionally, their services have been satisfactory. From statistics, the company offers its products as cheap as at 25%, in comparison with the prices offered by other supermarkets (Chung, 2015). Secondly, Aldi has applied marketing mix and sales promotional mix. These two are the major approaches used by companies. Aldi is not an exceptional. The marketing mix has included the elements of price, product, place and price (Voberda, et al. 2011). The price aspect however, was a major strategy as discussed above. The marketing mix led to the distribution of the products near customers. Aldi has established most stores at convenient places that are reached by customers. Marketing mix has, therefore, been greatly depended on by the company and it was successful because of the unlimited support from the shareholders (Lancaster, et al. 2002). Furthermore, it has utilized advertising through electronic media like the Television and Radio.   It has an excellent record in monitoring the effectiveness of the advertising media as well as media planning. Apparently, these two forms are reached by most of the target market served by Aldi. Also, Aldi has been using differentiation strategy. Under this approach, it has ensured that the right products are offered to the customers. They offer products that are needed by consumers but not any product (IBIS world, 2016). And the interesting part above all is that these products are usually of the best quality. Users found it very unusual to shop in Aldi stores where there is a variety of products, of high quality and at the lowest cost. Sincerely, this approach is the best holistic experience customers have had from Aldi. As per now, Aldi is still performing well in the grocery industry. The success is not only in Australia but also experienced in the other parts where the company has affiliates. With the developments experienced in technology, businesses are imperatively required to perfect the current operational and marketing approaches (Bradley, 2010, p. 90-120). Therefore, the enhancement of these strategies can be possible through normal changes based on the prevailing market conditions. Some of the additions and considerations that are supposed to be implemented by Aldi are discussed below: First, Aldi has to embrace integrated marketing communications. Through this method, the marketing approaches utilized are usually complemented by the others. Those that become ineffective are, however, are boosted by the other. Consequently, a large number of customers will be reached. However, this approach works well if the organization has enough funds to finance the initiative (Kotler & Keller, 2016). But the long-term effect is that it enhances most number of the targeted population to reach more information. Secondly, it should adopt creativity and innovations through incorporating technology into organizational processes. For example, talented employees indeed bring new ideas and methods of overcoming the fierce competition on the market. Being a company that has redefined the grocery industry in Australia, and applying the cost leadership approaches, it will be ironical to found that the same company is lagging behind in technological know-how. The adoption of technology will automatically enhance the use of social media, internet, and other electronic sources to promote its products (Lancaster, et al. 2002). In the long run, the company will found itself in a scenario where other transactions will be conducted by e-commerce. Thirdly, Aldi should focus on the use of publicity. Substantial investment in publicity will foster a good relation with the customers who will consequently develop customer loyalty. Though it has been involved in a marketing campaign, this trend should continue by adding more focus on it (Shimizu, 2016, p. 25-26). Lastly, it should enhance the marketing mix strategies by using appropriate sales promotion techniques. Through market research, the firm can understand when to use a particular form of marketing and sales promotion mix (Reicheld, et al. 2010, p. 121-126). For these methods will timely inform the consumer about the new developments in the products and price to offer them an opportunity to perform price comparison. Most importantly, Aldi should use appropriate form according to customer segmentation to ensure everybody has sufficient information about the company. Wrapping up, it is apparent that marketing is a fundamental subject for any organization. An effective marketing strategy will be the reason for the success, contrary in which failure will be inevitable.   The management of Aldi applies effective sales and marketing techniques that were much customer-centric which have resulted in this unquantifiable success. For instance, the pricing strategies have attracted most customers to prefer purchasing the products from Aldi stores. However, this method was not the only strategy that resulted in the success. There are others like advertising, public relations, market campaigns, differentiation and more. It thus implies that there is a great need for businesses to consider all possible measures for them to withstand the changing market. Most importantly, the opportunities and strengths should be adequately relied on in turning the hostile external environment bearable.   The marketing mix 4ps and Mc Kinsey 7s model should appropriately c ombine for the goal of meeting organization short and long term objectives. Through embrasure of the discussed topics, Aldi has managed to reach where it is and considering the plans that are already in place and the company will still grow. BBC, (2015). Aldi overtakes Waitrose's market share. BBC News dated 8th April, 2015. . [Online] Accessed on 19 th Jan, 2017, from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-32218170 Bradley, Nigel (2010).Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p.90-120 Chung, F. (2015). The Supermarket switch is on as Aldi takes top award in customer satisfaction: Business retail July 21 2015. Accessed online on 19 th Jan, 2017, from: https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/the-supermarket-switch-is-on-as-aldi-takes-top-award-in-customer-satisfaction/news-story/3ce35413bb26d01118190010c9cb0916 Grant, R., & Butler, B. (2011). Contemporary strategic management: An Australasian perspective, John Wiley and Son Australia, 5(21), 54-90 IBIS world, (2016). Supermarkets and Grocery Stores in Australia: Market Research Report. Retrieved on 19 th Jan, 2017, from https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry/default.aspx?indid=1834 Kotler P & Keller, (2016). Marketing Management 15 th Global Edition published by Pearson Education Australia Pty Ltd. Lancaster, G., Massingham, L. and Ashford, R. (2002). Essentials of Marketing: Fourth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Muston, P (2014). Marketing Practices and Strategies for Aldi:  slide share, retrieved on 19 Jan, 2017, from: . Pash, C.   (2016). Aldi opens its battle with Coles and Woolworths in South Australia: Business Insider Australia. Accessed on 19 th Jan, 2017, from: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/aldi-opens-its-battle-with-coles-and-woolworths-in-south-australia-2016-2 Ruddick, G. (2012). Billionaire Aldi heir Berthold Albrecht dies at 58. Retrieved on 19 th Jan, 2017, from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/9729434/Billionaire-Aldi-heir-Berthold-Albrecht-dies-at-58.html Reicheld, Z and Sasser, N. (2010), â€Å"Enhancing Customer Retention Through Relationship Marketing†, Journal of Marketing, 6 (11): 121-126. Shimizu, Koichi (2016). Co-marketing (Symbiotic Marketing) Strategy: (Japanese) 5th edition, Souseisha Book Company, pp.25-62. Stannage, T. (2106).‘Marketing help: Marketing Strategies that work.   Business Consultancy Services,  weblog post,  retrieved 19 January 2017, from: . Solis, B. (2011). Engage: The Complete Guide for Brands and Businesses to Build, Cultivate, and Measure Success in the New Web, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 201–202. Voberda, H., Morgan, R., Reinmoeller, P., Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D., Hoskisson, R. (2011) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, South Western: Cengage Learning. Wilkie, D., Johnson, L., White, L. (2015). Overcoming late entry. The importance of entry position inferences and market leadership: Journal of Marketing Management, 31: 424

Is there a need for Public Health Nutritionists to be accredited as a Essay

Is there a need for Public Health Nutritionists to be accredited as a regulated and professional body in the UK Discuss - Essay Example On the other hand, a growing number of information is now accessible through internet and various media types. There is then a conflict on who to believe when it comes to nutrition. In this case, although voluntary registration appropriately assesses capabilities of public health nutritionists, there is still a need for mandatory regulation and accreditation as a professional body in United Kingdom that will address the complex nutritional demands of its citizens. British culture in relation to food made some gradual alterations. As surmised by Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (2008), â€Å"there is a healthier pattern of intake†¦ but there is still need for immediate actions to ensure further improvements in patterns of food consumption and intake of several nutrients.† In this area, although progress has taken place, guidance to guarantee its continued rise is still required. The role of organizations is to keep up with the current trend. Presently, the Nutrition Society is the leading organization in the â€Å"advancement of scientific study of nutrition and its application to the maintenance of human and animal health† (Buttriss & Daniels, 2003). This ensures proper screening of individuals and legal organizations in nutrition and related fields. The said organization offers a voluntary approach in registration processes, wherein â€Å"assessment mechanisms focuses on attainment of minimum standard of compete ncy in knowledge, skills, and attitudes on the required tasks† (Davies, Margetts & Hughes, n.d.). The minimal techniques employed seemed to contradict the graveness of the situation involving the present overall nutritional status of British people. Specifically, Nutrition Society initially was in charge during the creation of voluntary registration for public health nutrition (PHN). In an article entitled Overview of the Public Health Nutrition Landscape (Anon., n.d.), it defined public health nutrition as

Management Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Information Systems - Essay Example Moreover, virtual reality applies the use of head mounted display that accelerates immersion and eliminates any form of interference from the real world. Notably, augmented reality combine the use of real life images and the three major display techniques, unlike the virtual reality that displays graphic information on handheld display and physical objects (Viega, 2010). Question # 2 The augmented reality is more appealing to the marketers than virtual reality, since nearly everyone has already experienced it, and is appreciating its application. Moreover, it can be applied in numerous commercial fields including sports and games, image guided surgery in medical procedures, marketing among other industries sectors. Additionally, markers prefer AR technology since it can be manipulated to produce interesting images for interesting marketing especially the phone applications (Maclntosh, 2010). Question # 3 The augmented reality has found its applicability in the real estate marketing s ince it readily avails real estate information and listings using phone applications. Moreover, the incorporated phone applications are easy to use by the phone users e.g. in locating a real estate. Additionally, the AR technology has made it easy to use small photographs that can easily be incorporated in the phone applications showing the features of the real estate or the actual property. Other than the mentioned applications of AR technology, it can be used as maps incorporating routes within a section of the city, museum. Furthermore, it can be used in the hotel industry advertisement (Maclntosh, 2010). Reference Maclntosh R. S. (2010). â€Å"Portable Real Estate Listings with a Difference, â€Å"United States, NY: The New York Times. Viega A. (2010). â€Å"Augmented Reality For Real Estate Search,’ NY: Associated Press. Interactive Session: Management, â€Å"Piloting Valero with Real Time Management† Question # 1 The management team needs to address several is sues before developing the Valero’s dashboard. Among the issues is how efficient the dashboard will assist in the management of the organization (Henderson, 2009). How many managers will the dashboards availed in their offices? Moreover, if the dashboard is to be availed to the public, will the company records remain save? Additionally, will the dashboard compromise quality of production? Question # 2 The availability of the dashboard in the remote areas of the organization makes it possible for any form of deterioration of quality in the refining process to be easily identified and corrective measure taken as soon as possible (Kahn, 2010). Moreover, the dashboard quickly reveals the occurrence of any production measures thus quick corrective measures taken unlike undertaking manual operation to the plant in determining where the problem might have emerged. Question # 3 Since the dashboards are to be separated, each dashboard will only need to display certain information. For quality performance, the refining dashboard will only be required to display certain information for quality performance. The refining dashboard shows the information including history of production and the current production data (Kahn, 2010). This would facilitate comparison thus quality assessment and

Benthams Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Benthams Utilitarianism Essay Bentham sees that man is being governed by two feelings, this is pleasure and pain. These determine that which is good and evil for man. These are also the basis of the act of man, and these-pain and pleasure would be the fundamentals of the philosophy, utilitarianism. The principle of utility is the action that approves or disapproves an action whatsoever. By the principle of utility, it aims to help man to choose which would give him benefit. The principle of utility determines that which would give man more happiness, good, and pleasure, and negate that which would give him otherwise. The perfect example of something that executes the principle of utility is the government. Since it upholds the betterment of the many, than the pleasure of the individualthis is demonstrated in law-making. Legislators are bound to the principle of utility as they legislate, while for manhe acts with Calculus of Felicity in his mind. Considering the intensity, duration, trueness and closeness of an act. But these are only applicable for a given moment of time, but if a man has to consider a succession of events he must consider fecunditywhere he thinks that a positive act would be followed followed by a positive act, and puritywhere man thinks that an act will not be followed by a negative effect, or karma. But for Bentham he asserts that this philosophy should be placed in context. The principle utilitarianism is nor always a good basis in judging the morality of an act. But the process of utilitarianism ail always be a good determiner of pleasure, profit, and advantage and also to tell which he should avert. Bentham considers that this principle maybe useless at times but he believes in the nature of man, he is innately born with pleasures of pain and this principle would always be useful to him.

British Imperialism in India and China Essay -- English Imperialism Co

British Imperialism in India and China Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. For instance Britain dominated India and China in the mid 1880s to the beginning of the 20th century. Imperialism has had both a positive and negative effects on the countries involved. Britain was imperialistic for many reasons, it could dominate because it had the technology and power to do so. They also needed land to acquire raw materials for growing markets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One country that had imperialism was India. By the mid-1880s, the British East India Company controlled three fifths of India. The cause of British domination was that the land was very diverse and the people could not unite and that the British either paid local princes or used weapons to get control. Positive effects of imperialistic rule in India were that the British set up a stronger economy and more powerful industries. They built roads and railroads. British rule brought peace and order to the countryside. They revised the legal system to promote justice for the Indians regardless of class. Indian landowners and princes, who still owned territory grew rich from exporting cash crops such as cotton and jute. The British introduced the telegraph and the postal system as a means of communication. These improvements and benefits from British rule eventually lead to Indian nationalism. The exposure to European ideas caused an Indian nationalist movement, the peop le dreamed of ending Imperial ...

Lab Report: Blood Pressure Essay

The woozy feeling when standing up too quickly. After going for a run, feeling as if one more beat and the heart would project itself out of the chest. Or quite the opposite and being in a very relaxed state. These are all changes one experiences at some time or another. What causes the different feelings and how each variable affects pulse rate and blood pressure has many wondering. Because of this curiosity, an experiment was performed to get some answers. The purpose of the experiment is to see how different variables affect pulse rate and blood pressure. Before starting the experiment, self educating on background information was a necessity in order to obtain a full understanding of what exactly was going to be performed. What is blood pressure and how does it work? â€Å"As the heart beats, the heart pushes blood through a network of blood vessels called arteries. As the blood travels through the arteries, it pushes against the sides of these blood vessels and the strength of this pushing is called blood pressure.† (Blood Pressure UK) After getting the basic definition of what blood pressure is, it was learned that when blood pressure is taken the first number that is said is the systolic blood pressure level or the highest level that is reached when the heart is squeezing. The second number that is read is the diastolic pressure level or the lowest level when the heart is relaxing, which is measured in mm Hg. (Blood Pressure UK) Moving on to pulse rate, also known as heart rate. It is known that pulse rate is the number of times the heart beats in one minute. (Gordon) Pulse is lower at rest and increases when higher activity is performed, like exercise. (Gordon) Pulse is taken by putting the tips of the index finger and middle finger onto the palm side of the opposite wrist below the base of the thumb. (Gordon) By pressing lightly with fingers, one could feel the blood pulsing beneath the fingers. (Gordon) After counting for ten seconds, the number of beats felt is multiplied by six to get the heart rate per minute. (Gordon) Normal pulse is between sixty and a hundred beats per minute. (Gordon) Posture Changes, Exercise, and Cognitive Stressor are the three variables to be tested. First, the focus will be on posture changes. More specifically, reclining for three minutes. It is hypothesized that both, arterial pressure and pulse rate, will decrease because the heart doesn’t have to work as hard to distribute blood to the body. Normally it takes more effort to deliver blood to the body is erect. After reclining for three minutes and standing up quickly, it is hypothesized that pulse rate will decrease because the act of standing takes a good amount of blood that travels down into the legs causing less stroke volume for the ventricle to pump. Once standing for three minutes, it is hypothesized that the arterial pressure and pulse rate with both increase. As it is increasing, it will also be recognized that the arterial pressure and pulse rate will return to baseline. Once data is collected from the variable of posture changes, exercise will be the next variable to look at. Immediately after exercising, it is hypothesized that arterial pressure and blood pressure will increase. It is thought because the body is performing high activity, it means that the heart has to work faster to be able to successfully perform venous return which then increases stroke volume and as a result increases cardiac output. Not only will the arterial pressure and pulse rate increase, it will be at its max range. Two minutes after exercise, it is hypothesized that the arterial pressure and pulse rate will decrease. Because the body is starting to calm down and come back down to resting, the heart doesn’t need to produce as high of stroke volume therefore decreasing the cardiac output. Focusing on the last variable of cognitive stressor, the subject will have to spell a list of words forwards and backwards. It is hypothesized that while doing this, the subject arterial pressure and pulse rate will increase. This is to be thought because while the subject is spelling the words the mind will be under a lot of stress therefore causing acts of anxiety or nervousness to arise, making the heart beat faster than normal. Procedure: â€Å"For procedures, refer to Lab 6, Activity 2, in the Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual.† Discussion/Conclusion: To start off the experiment, a baseline was needed in order to be able to compare the different variables through out the experiment. The subject was instructed to sit and relax quietly while the blood pressure cuff and pulse plethysmograph were placed properly. After the blood pressure was taken and analyzed, it was found that the subject’s blood pressure was 122/64 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 60 bpm. Now that the baseline was obtained, continuing with the changing variables could take place. Starting with the variable of postural changes, the subject first reclined for three minutes. After the two minutes, the subjects blood pressure and pulse rate was taken and gave a reading of 120/52 mm Hg and 60 bpm. Looking back at the hypothesis, it was hypothesized that after reclining for three minutes the arterial pressure and pulse rate will both decrease. Cross referencing the given data with the hypothesis, it was found that the results didn’t fully match with the hypothesis. The blood pressure did, in fact, decrease due to the relaxation state that the subject was in. On the other hand, the pulse rate stayed the same. Reflecting on that and looking at the variables in the environment, it could be said that the subject wasn’t in a state of full relaxation. The subject was instructed to recline on a cold lab table with other subjects and groups in the room. It is possible that the discrepancy in this experiment was the environment in which the subject was instructed to recline and relax. After reclining, the subject was instructed to stand up quickly. Right when the subject stood up, blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. It was collected that the subject’s blood pressure was 132/58 mm Hg and pulse rate of 62 bpm. Relating back to the hypothesis, it was said that the arterial pressure and the pulse rate would decrease. The results obtained and the hypothesis did not match. Further dissecting why the data didn’t match the hypothesis, it was discovered that because the subject stood up very quickly, 500 mL or more travels down into the legs. It was thought, due to that reason it would mean less stroke volume for the ventricle to pump. Looking at it from a different angle, because the amount of blood that travels to the legs, it actually causes the heart to work more rapidly to evenly transport regular amounts of blood through out the body causing the arterial pressure and the pulse rate to increase. Once the subject was standing for three minutes, the reading of the blood pressure was 130/52 mmHg and the pulse rate was 64 bpm. Comparing to the hypothesis, it was said that the arterial pressure and pulse rate would increase trying to bring the body back to baseline. Looking at the results, the blood pressure, in fact, decreased and the pulse rate increased, making the results partially confirm the hypothesis. Because it didn’t completely confirm the hypothesis, it could be said that the subjects body wasn’t able to get the body completely back to baseline in three minutes. It may have taken a few more minutes in order for the body to get back to a regular state. After those variables were explored, the next variable tested was exercise. Instead of there being only one subject, two subjects were used. Subject #1 was a well conditioned subject, someone who works out on a regular basis and already has endurance. Subject #2 was someone who was poorly conditioned, who never does strenuous activity. Before any physical activity, a baseline was required so there was data that can be compared. The well conditioned subject’s baseline was an arterial pressure of 118/70 mmHg and pulse rate of 61 bpm. The poorly condition subject’s baseline read as arterial pressure 122/44 mmHg and pulse rate of 60 bpm. Both subjects were instructed to exercise for five minutes, which consisted of running up and down the stairs. Immediately after exercising, the reading of the arterial pressure and pulse rate were taken. The well conditioned subject’s arterial pressure read 162/62 mmHg and pulse rate of 76 bpm. The poor conditioned subject’s arterial pressure read 139/60 mmHg and pulse rate 80 bpm. The hypothesis was confirmed that immediately after exercising, the arterial pressure and pulse rate would increase. Not only would it increase, but it would be at a max range. The venous return increased due to the increase in skeletal muscle activity. Increasing venous return, increases stroke volume, which then increases cardiac output. One minute after exercising, the subjects arterial pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Subject #1’s arterial pressure was 138/70 mmHg and pulse rate was 74 bpm. Subject #2’s arterial pressure was 134/65 mmHg and 76 bpm. The hypothesis was confirmed that the arterial pressure and pulse rate would decrease but still higher than baseline. As you see reflected in the â€Å"Results† section above, two and three minutes after exercising the blood pressure and pulse rate decreased, further confirming the hypothesis. The third and final variable tested was cognitive stressor. The subject was instructed to read 12 spelling words forwards and backwards at five second intervals. Before, just like any experiment a baseline needed to be obtained. After the reading was recorded, the first test began. The subject had to spell a series of words, as this was happening, the subject was hooked up to iWorx which is a system that reads blood pressure and pulse rate. Once the test had ended, the data was analyzed and it was found that the hypothesis of the pulse pressure and blood pressure increasing did not apply to the first part of the test. The subject’s blood pressure had decreased while the pulse pressure increased. The discrepancy was thought to be that the subject was very comfortable in spelling words therefore the blood pressure decreased but the pressure from spelling in front of other people may have caused the pulse rate to increase. The subject then spelled a series of words backwards, this further confirmed the hypothesis that the blood pressure and pulse pressure would increase. The focus on spelling the words backwards correctly and the pressure of people watching the subject caused the increase in blood pressure and pulse pressure. Throughout this experiment, it was interesting to see how to different variables in every day life can effect ones blood pressure and pulse rate. For the most part, each hypothesis was confirmed. The hypotheses that weren’t confirmed, it was an obvious discrepancy that explained why the experiment didn’t work out as planned. What can be taken from this experiment is that one can maintain a certain level of arterial pressure and pulse rate by the activity that is performed. Arterial pressure and pulse rate are very sensitive and can change at any moment. It is good to be knowledgable on what factors effect blood pressure and pulse rate; also on how it effects your body. References: Blood Pressure UK: (n.d). Retrieved from http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/microsites/u40/Home/facts/Bloodpressure Gordon: Gordon, B. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/prevention/exercise/pulsethr.aspx View as multi-pages

Depression Research Paper Essay

People every day are diagnosed with mental and emotional illnesses that completely change their lives. Depression is one of the many illnesses that take its toll on an average person. Medical experts believe that depression causes more disability throughout the world than almost any other medical illness or disorder (World Book). Depression affects more Americans than cancer, AIDS, or coronary heart disease. About one in five Americans will develop a mood disorder, usually depression, at some point in his or her life (O. Hyde and Forsyth 7). In some cases chemicals that brain cells use to communicate are out of balance and causes depression (CQ Researcher). Many recognized with this sickness may not believe they can live a normal life. However a patient diagnosed with depression can lead a normal life by taking medication, different types of therapy, and gaining support from family and friends. â€Å"How did my sister fall through a hole in her life and into some other life below?â € (Schumacher 3). Depression brings about feelings other than sadness that affects a patient each and every day. â€Å"‘I can’t describe it,’ Dora said. ‘I don’t know how’† (Schumacher 40). People dealing with this illness find it hard to explain the feeling. â€Å"It’s like being trapped and you feel completely stuck, it really effects how you think every day† (Anonymous). When one is depressed they feel miserable and lose interest in all activity. â€Å"All I wanted to do was sleep; I never wanted to go out and lost a lot of connection from my friends† (Anonymous). â€Å"‘A drowning person doesn’t rescue herself,’ I said†¦ I pictured Dora Struggling and drowning. ‘Which is why it’s so important-for your sister and for everyone else-that she learn to swim’† (Schumacher 116). Depression is always described as being lost or being stuck in a black hole, it seems like there is no way out of it, but with a little help there is. Doctors are now able to diagnose and treat depression with medications better than they were before (CQ Researcher). â€Å"It depends on the severity you have it, for more severe cases medication is definitely helpful. Depression, in most cases is just a chemical imbalance and taking medication can balance everything out and make you feel more normal† (Anonymous). Antidepressants are the category of medication used to help treat the chemical imbalance that causes depression. Taking medications, such as antidepressants, is not necessary in all cases of this illness. â€Å"My mom definitely had a more severe case than I did, she took medication and you could tell the difference in her mood  drastically changed and she spent more time with us as opposed to when she wasn’t taking antidepressants† (Anonymous). Antidepressants increase the attentiveness of neurotransmitters in the brain. Antidepressants do not work immediately. After numerous weeks of treatment the r eceptors become less sensitive and depression lifts (World Book). There are three different types of antidepressants. One type is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s), which is one of the newer drugs that aid depression. SSRI’s prevent brain cells from reabsorbing extra neurotransmitters after the chemicals have delivered their messages. It focuses on one specific neurotransmitter alone, serotonin (O. Hyde and H. Forsyth 54). Another type is tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s) which along with SSRI’s stops the brain from receiving excessive neurotransmitters, but this category focuses on two types of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine (O. Hyde and H. Forsyth 53). Tricyclic refers to the chemical structure of the compounds. The third type of antidepressant is monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s) which inhibit a protein that breaks down excess neurotransmitters, norepinephrine (World Book). Patients on monoamine oxidase norepinephrine have to avoid foods containing tyramine (O. Hyde and H. Forsyth 55). These three types of antidepressants all help to chemically balance the brain and helps put a patient back on track to live a normal life. Although antidepressants bring stability to a depressed person there are some side effects. Some side effects include weight loss, weight gain, nausea, dry mouth, dizziness, sweating, tremor, sleep disturbances, blurred vision, seizures, and yawning (Schumacher 106). A bunch of the side effects are major but are mostly non-persistent or might not even occur. Some see the side effects not being worth it. â€Å"My mom saw that living a more normal life was worth a few side effects that probably weren’t going to happen† (Anonymous). Therapy is another way patients with depression can cope. There are two different types of therapy a person suffering depression can take on. Many patients benefit from psychotherapy which can focus on improving thinking, problem solving, improving personal relationships, or increasing enjoyable activities (World Book). Psychotherapy helps depression caused mostly by an emotional imbalance. Cognitive therapy is a branch of psychotherapy that is based off the idea that depressed people have distorted views of the world, the future and themselves. It helps correct  the negative thoughts that are developed in the brain of a patient. Behavioral therapy is another subdivision of psychotherapy used. Behavioral therapy is similar to cognitive therapy in that it alters ones thought patterns and changes their behavior. One last stem of psychotherapy is psychodynamic therapy which takes people into their past to find out unresolved problems and helps a person understand and cope with their conflicts (O. Hyde and H. Forsyth 67). â€Å"At first I felt awkward talking to someone I didn’t know, even though there was a confidentially thing it was hard to trust my therapist. After a while though, it was good talk and get things out, it helped with my mild depression and self-harm I went through† (Anonymous). Talking to a therapist helps the mind of a depressed patient get back to where it needs to be. If medication and psychotherapy fail, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be prescribed by a doctor. Electroconvulsive therap y was also previously known as electroshock therapy. Electroconvulsive therapy is for patients who haven’t responded to any other treatment. It uses electrically induced seizures for a therapeutic effect. Before the procedure anesthesia is typically given so that the patient doesn’t experience any uneasiness or feel the electric current and knowingly experience the seizure. The use of ECT is to treat hospitalized patients who remain severely depressed with suicidal thoughts. Electroconvulsive therapy commonly restores these depressed patients to a normal mental state (World Book). Most patients who use ETC and do not follow it up with medication will relapse back into a depressed state. Physicians have no idea how ETC brings one out of depression. Many patients who severely suffer from depression feel that the treatment of electroconvulsive therapy is worth the risk (O. Hyde and H. Forsyth 66). Another way a depressed person can strive to live a normal life is to gain support from friends and family. â€Å"‘Do me a favor?’ She asked, with her mouth by my ear. ‘Sure,’ I said ‘Name it.’ ‘Save me,’ she said† (Schumacher 29). If a patient knows that they always have friends and family to fall back on if they need anything then it makes one feel more comfortable. â€Å"Friends helped me a lot; they understood me on a different level than my family did. My family sometimes didn’t understand the reasons why I was depressed and upset and they never knew what to say to me because it affected them also† (Anonymous). Times when a depressed person can’t turn to their therapist they always have friends and family around to  support them. If family and friends do not treat the patient like they have an illness then they are less likely to feel out of place in everyday activities. If others surrounding the person suffering from depression act different towards them it won’t help in the process for them to exist in a normal life. â€Å"I’ve read this quote somewhere and I loved it, ‘People who are not depressed see the world the way they want to see it. People who are depressed see the world the way it actually is.’ It seems relevant† (Anonymous). Depression changes a patient’s entire life. They are left exhausted physically and emotionally and not wanting to do anything. The illness brings out emotions in a person that is indescribable. They think about all the bad things in reality and not the things that make life happier. All the conflicting emotions may make it look as if it’s impossible to lead a normal functioning life. Having a regular being is not unfeasible to achieve with a little help. Depression can be a chemical or emotional imbalance, or maybe a combination of both. â€Å"Some things bring it out more than other things† (Anonymous). However a patient diagnosed with depression can lead a normal life by taking medication such as antidepressants, trying different types of therapy like psychotherapy or electroconvulsive therapy, and gaining positive support from family and friends. â€Å"At first it was truly one of the toughest battles I had to go through, especially because of the history with my mom dealing with it, slowly but surely I conquered through it, no one treats me differently, it’s normal† (Anonymous).

Free Essays on Men And Women The Differnce In The Brain

Score one for exasperated women: New research suggests men really do listen with just half their brains. In a study of 20 men and 20 women, brain scans showed that men when listening mostly used the left sides of their brains, the region long associated with understanding language. Women in the study, however, used both sides. Other studies have suggested that women â€Å"can handle listening to two conversations at once,† said Dr. Joseph T. Lurito, an assistant radiology professor at Indiana University School of Medicine. â€Å"One of the reasons may be that they have more brain devoted to it.† Battle of the Sexes? Lurito’s findings, presented today at the Radiological Society of North America’s annual meeting, don’t necessarily mean women are better listeners. It could be that â€Å"it’s harder for them,† Lurito suggested, since they apparently need to use more of their brains than men to do the same task. â€Å"I don’t want a battle of the sexes,† he said. â€Å"I just want people to realize that men and women† may process language differently. In the study, functional magnetic resonance imaging - or fMRI - was used to measure brain activity by producing multidimensional images of blood flow to various parts of the brain. Inside an MRI scanner, study participants wore headphones and listened to taped excerpts from John Grisham’s novel The Partner while researchers watched blood-flow images of their brains, displayed on a nearby video screen. Listening resulted in increased blood flow in the left temporal lobes of the men’s brains. In women, both temporal lobes showed activity. Women Might Overcome Stroke The findings tend to support previous suggestions that women’s brains are â€Å"either more bilaterally dominant† or more right-side dominant in doing certain tasks than men’s, said Dr. Edgar Kenton of the American Stroke Association, a neurologist at Thomas Jefferson Univer... Free Essays on Men And Women The Differnce In The Brain Free Essays on Men And Women The Differnce In The Brain Score one for exasperated women: New research suggests men really do listen with just half their brains. In a study of 20 men and 20 women, brain scans showed that men when listening mostly used the left sides of their brains, the region long associated with understanding language. Women in the study, however, used both sides. Other studies have suggested that women â€Å"can handle listening to two conversations at once,† said Dr. Joseph T. Lurito, an assistant radiology professor at Indiana University School of Medicine. â€Å"One of the reasons may be that they have more brain devoted to it.† Battle of the Sexes? Lurito’s findings, presented today at the Radiological Society of North America’s annual meeting, don’t necessarily mean women are better listeners. It could be that â€Å"it’s harder for them,† Lurito suggested, since they apparently need to use more of their brains than men to do the same task. â€Å"I don’t want a battle of the sexes,† he said. â€Å"I just want people to realize that men and women† may process language differently. In the study, functional magnetic resonance imaging - or fMRI - was used to measure brain activity by producing multidimensional images of blood flow to various parts of the brain. Inside an MRI scanner, study participants wore headphones and listened to taped excerpts from John Grisham’s novel The Partner while researchers watched blood-flow images of their brains, displayed on a nearby video screen. Listening resulted in increased blood flow in the left temporal lobes of the men’s brains. In women, both temporal lobes showed activity. Women Might Overcome Stroke The findings tend to support previous suggestions that women’s brains are â€Å"either more bilaterally dominant† or more right-side dominant in doing certain tasks than men’s, said Dr. Edgar Kenton of the American Stroke Association, a neurologist at Thomas Jefferson Univer...

How to create a beautiful home design with low budget Essay

How to create a beautiful home design with low budget - Essay Example y, esthetic sense is really important when it comes to choosing decorating material, everything should appear impressive and for that a person has to have great taste and choice. The next important step is to take a walk around the home so as to determine which area to mainly focus upon, this is also very important because it is really difficult to cover all the areas especially when the funds available are very limited. Magazines and furniture stores can provide a lot of ideas with the help of which an ordinary looking home can look out of this world, it is very important to scroll through magazines to look for inspiration. Visiting furniture stores is also important because furniture can redefine the look of a house provided the right stuff is picked from the furniture store. Home dà ©cor items that already exist in the house should be paid attention to, it can either be sold if it is not fitting in too well or it can be modified and reinvented to make the house look better at absolutely no extra cost. Painting the walls in each room would definitely help and the whole process is inexpensive also, the right shade should be selected to make the house look better and it is also important to be unique and appealing to the senses. Colors can be mixed and matched suiting the needs of an individual and also depending on the choice of color of an individual. â€Å"Purchase neutral furniture pieces if you need new furniture so they will fit into any design or color changes in the room. Browse the clearance section of the furniture store for discounted pieces, or keep an eye on Craigslist for cheap used furniture that looks like new.† (Budgeting Money) Dressing up the furniture is the next important thing, matching pillows with the wall paint can be used so as to make it look really impressive, in addition to this new pillows complimenting the furniture can also be purchased, this will make the room look so much better and impressive. â€Å"Begin by buying a few lush

Twe assingments each one is one page Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Twe assingments each one is one page - Essay Example However, the war has already crossed the 60 days limit and the Congress still remains silent. The March 21 notification of Obama was that U.S would engage in a ‘limited and well-defined mission’ in Libya. However, by May 20, as Huffpost Politics reports, Obama wrote to the Congress that U.S is ‘no longer in lead’ but the participation involves non-kinetic support like intelligence and refueling, and kinetic attacks on Libyan air defenses and NATO-led forces. Obama violated the law by not seeking the formal approval of the Congress for military operations in Libya. Secondly, he violated the law by not certifying in writing that there is ‘unavoidable military necessity’ in Libya so that the military operation continues after 60 days. Now, what Obama has to do is to seek and receive the permission from Congress before the completion of 90 days. In addition, he will have to withdraw all the forces and resources from Libya in 90 days. II Article II, Section I of the American Constitution states that Congress would decide the date of appointment of electors. So, in 1845, Congress enacted a law providing that Tuesday after the first Monday of November of the year in which the electors are to be appointed is the Election Day. There are many reasons behind the selection of Tuesday as the Election Day.

Knowledge and Competence and Professional Practice Essay

Knowledge and Competence and Professional Practice - Essay Example The essay will also discuss issues related to accountability as a nurse as well as factors that affect the decision making process and how this translates into professional practice. Analysis of the theories of knowledge, competence and professional practice The concept of knowledge is closely related to the theory of knowledge creation. Knowledge creation is not only concerned with dealing with objective information but it also takes into consideration insights that are highly subjective from members of the organisation and these are tested in order to be used by the other employees (Robbins, 1993). Basically, â€Å"knowledge creation is defined as the process of making available and amplifying knowledge created by individuals as well attempting to connect it with the organization’s knowledge system,†( Nonaka, Krogh & Voelpel 2006). New ideas are generated and these are helpful in the operations of the organisation as a whole. Having generated the required knowledge, i t becomes imperative to formalise a continuous improvement of the knowledge through different management systems for the benefit of the organisation as a whole. ... It can also be noted that knowledge creation is not a preserve for influential people in an organisation alone but it ought to include input from all members within that particular organisation. In case of a clinical setup, through knowledge creation, the nurses are given the autonomy to make informed decisions in their operations especially with regards to post operative recovery. Practice theory is applicable in this particular case where I will use my knowledge to offer appropriate treatment to alleviate pain. This also entails transformation of knowledge into practical skills. Decision making that is enhanced through knowledge creation is essential to the operations of every organisation (Schultz, 2003). This concept is also applicable in the area of practice of health care professionals as they are likely to develop a sense of belonging to the hospital which is a basic tenet for practice development. I strongly believe that my duties can be enhanced through making decisions with regards to administering treatment to the patients. According to Nonaka, Krogh & Voelpel (2006) the success of other conventional organisations is mainly influenced by their ability to keep pace with changes that may be obtaining in the business environment at that particular period and it can be seen that knowledge creation plays a pivotal role. This concept can also be applied to a clinical setup where the operations of different hospitals are moulded on the same business principles with other conventional businesses. Performance is also enhanced through knowledge creation and sharing given that the health care professionals are in a better position to make informed decisions that may affect their operations. Decisions made by an individual often shape his

Assesment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assesment 2 - Essay Example In the health care setting for example, there are numerous forms of predicaments and this includes health care fraud. The sapping of financial resources in the health care system, along with several other consequences, problems associated with personnel development plans and shortage of competent staff are just few of the magnified issues. The concerns on fraud and abuse greatly affected the everyday life of health care personnel particularly the nurse practitioners; since these professionals are the â€Å"front liners† in terms of delivery of care. Nurse practitioners (NPs) can hardly go away from working in clinical environments; and this expose them further to fiscal issues of billing, reimbursement and revenue production issues. In other words, the described situation is somewhat stressful for them. Fraud is actually described as â€Å"any act, omission, expression, or concealment calculated to delude another individual,† Merriam-Webster Dictionary of Law stated. Medicare and other government funded health benefit programs are usually the targets of these schemes. Billing for needless or the double billing schemes, unperformed tests, and kickbacks are few of the most common fraudulent activity that burden most patients;this is reported by the Social Security Act, Section 1128C reiterates that (a) of the designed the Health Care Fraud as well as Program for Abuse Control Program (Department of Justice, 2000). There are several approaches to address concerns in an organization. One very important is the evaluation of the organization’s strengths, weaknesses, as well as opportunities. If limitations in the human and/or financial resources are identified, it may be a necessity to provide attention to the organizations opportunities through the use of phased approach. On the other hand, based on the Economic and Social Research Council Strategic Plan, (2009; p 5-7). Extensive consultations are very necessary to identify areas of strategic

What Are The Advantages Of Internal Promotion Commerce Essay

What Are The Advantages Of Internal Promotion Commerce Essay Internal promotion is a strategic management idea accepted widely. And it is already utilized by many companies in the world . Comparing with external recruitment, internal promotion has some advantages in companys growth stage especially. It is more economic and essential and is conducive to keep companies developing orderly. In this essay, I will discuss the reasons why internal promotion is superior by analyzing and comparing Microsoft , Sodexo company, General Electric and some other international companies in their development. And I will conclude that internal promotion should be widely spread in companies in their initial stages to make them grow well. We believe that internal promotion is also a good way to build a sense of loyalty, create incentives for employees innovation at work and more easily to find a good person for the new job vacancy. Therefore, our tradition of internal promotions can guarantee anyone who joins in Sodexo a bright future of constant career development. (Sodexo concept)When candidates read these sentences, I am sure that they will have confidence in this company and the employees who already work in this company also like to share what they have known and do their work with passion. When a company was settled, it is not mature because many systems, culture and even the goal have not been confirmed. What drives the workers to devote themselves to the unsure future is their motivation and passion. They even consist the history of a company. During this stage, to develop it, HR need to pay more attention on initial employees and give them the priority to be promoted. As the employees recognize their achievement is always concerned and the responsibility is great at this stage. They can also take part in the growth of company and get the advancement opportunity. (Michael Adam)What mentioned all can motivate an employee Microsoft adopted the internal promotion strategy at the beginning and the result proved to be successful. When Bill Gates started Microsoft, he already had the concept that his employees are his most valuable asset, and he gave the conclusion that without them, Microsoft would become negligible. There is a strategy in Microsoft called n minus 1 which shows that the number of employed people is less than the position need-then all employees have the chance to be promoted. When Microsoft expanded later, it was nearly all early employees being promoted. And to encourage them and keep them, they even got the stock options as reward. They all play an important part in the development of later. The key to supporting the motivation of your employee is understanding what motivates each of them.( McNamara). There is a number of excellent people working for Microsoft. What these workers need is to achieve thier self-actualization As Microsoft give great opportunities, workers are all willing to work hard to make company better. Under these strategies, when Microsoft stepped into the next stage and expand itself, it already owed its own systems, culture and the clear goal. From 2009 to 2010, it is about 11.5% management positions in Sodexo company are filled through internal promotion. And it is over 79% employees believe that Sodexo provides them an opportunity to learn and develop. (Sodexo China figure) An extreme example of GE (General Electric), it is nearly 80% of the companys senior positions generated by the internal promotion. The leaders in GE spent almost all their career. Our principle is to tap internal talent, human resources manager of GE (William Conaty). Unless forced to, we do not want to rely on outsiders. He said. Many international enterprises in Europe have formed the internal selection system in their early stage. From cultivating employees and appointment of employing strategies to mechanisms, these enterprises have a mature procedures For example, General Electric, Motorola, Procter Gamble, Ford Motor Company, Boeing, 3M Company and other famous companies, in their operating time adding to 1700 years, only four CEOs hired from the outside, and only two companies before. Good to great (Jim .Collins ,2009) says that celebrity who is brought in from outside the company as a new leader, often lead a negative effect on the company. Among 11 international companies, there are 10 companies CEO appointed from the companys internal promotion. According to a survey to more than 200 foreign investments in China from people.com, when a company faces a situation that there an empty position turns up, they prefer internal promotion than external, and the original department has the priority. It shows that 67% companies adopt internal promotions on management position , and 2% will recruit from labor marketing, and 1% will be appointed by the government.55% companies adopt internal promotion on skill positions, 45% of them will search new employees from labor marketing.(people.com) When a vacancy occurs in the enterprise positions, the modern human resource managements common practice is internal-promotion -oriented, especially in small companies at their initial stage. II: Comparison of internal promotion and external recruitment advantages disadvantages Internal promotion Improving the promoted employees morale Judging the staffs capacity more accurately Saving costs in some areas (time/money recruiting /training) Mobilizing employees working enthusiasm Contributing to the continuous improvement Reinforcing a companys internal career ladder Retaining leaving staff Reducing induction training period Reducing the risk of selecting an inappropriate candidate Inbreeding(narrowing the view of the enterprise) Reducing morale of un-promoted employee Political intrigue Demanding a systematic managing and training plan External recruitment Fresh blood broadening companys horizons Cheap and fast in professionals training A small group of political supporters having not been formed A form of advertising Improving the skills in judging external employees Incurring spies Not recruiting suitable candidates Impacting the morale of internal un-selected candidates Longer adjustment period need by new employees Not fitting with new companys culture (Strategic Approach to Human Resource Management Page153-165 author ¼Ã… ¡Tapomoy Deb) III: Analysis It is said that people who join in a company at its initial stage promote the company excellent. While people who join it later depend on the companys excellence.( Jamie Zawinski,2010) . Internal promotion belongs to a companys incentive system, and it is a basic system to make a company attractive and influential. There are many different theories about the internal promotion. Race theory (Lazear and Rosen, 1981), or career models in the organization(Gibbons and Waldman, 1999). These various models provide various explanitations of internal promotion (Greenwald, 1979; Chen, 1996; Fairburn and Malcomson, 2001) and its consequences (Prendergrast, 1993). To brief, if you want to encourage your employees ,what you need do firstly is to make them escape from problems which bother them by company and treat all employees equal. When you make this true, it means the company offer its employees chance to make achievements and grow. Co-ordination between the employee and the organization is important. Project staff working more effectively, their overall goals and team goals rather than individual goals (Christopher Brown) reported by a recent study in the Journal of Applied Psychology. Maslows hierarchy of needs can also explain this question. Self-realization is a top level of self-gratification.( Maslow ,1943) Provide the opportunity to grow, be creative and get the training challenging task and push forward (Daft 530).is regarded as an effective method. Just as what has mentioned above in the table, the HRM take the responsibility to shape a companys organizational culture, the core concept , a completed system etc. Especially in small companies, the number of employees is limited, and the bonds between workers are strong. According to Dunbars number theory(Dunbar,1992) , if a departments worker number under a certain level(150-250), the organizational culture just begins to shape. Everyone personality and group practice play an important role in the operation. The leader in shaping corporate culture is vital, which means if this company promote a new leader, it is easy for the entire companies shift the attention away from its original growth direction which may still operate potentially. Under this reason, the internal promotion is necessary in small companies.( Bidwell, 2011,ibid) That promoting internal middle managers or high managers not only take advantage of their talent ,also can encourage other root managers and employees competitive. Because this company illustrate its attitude to its workers that it provides great tunnels for them making progress. If a manager who was selected as a sub-promoting member, it may launch that this persons work style, communication style and his attitude is accepted or committed by people. These will help this sub-leader lead the team work effectively and united. Reward system gives the information of a companys value to judge the employees (Robbins, Bergman Stagg 84).A company can use many ways to motivate its employees to work. Satisfaction and growth in a company are two important factors. (Frederick Herzberg ,1959).The internal promotion is just a suitable method to meet employees need. It is worth noting that internal promotion is not only chosen as an inciting way in management position, but also in skill management. Training technical staff, companies need to consume a certain amount of human and financial capitals. If the staff control sophisticated technology, they can make amount of benefits for a company. But if the company failed to attract employees to continue to work effectively and stay in the enterprise, then it is not only the effectiveness of the companys loss, but also provides an opportunity for potential competitors. Due to the small size of the company, organizational productivity is influenced by every employee in it. It has been improved that entrepreneurs are unwilling to give up control, because they believe that standardized management enterprise beyond their abilities (McMahon and Murphy, 1999). IV: How to adopt internal promotion effectively (HR WORLD,2011,ibid) Risk To a small company, the way to select and appoint an middle or high manager should be base on its real surroundings. Even though the human resource department can not guarantee to make a right choice, considering the disadvantages both internal promotion and external recruitment is necessary. Minimizing the risk should take into concern. The risk is the uncertainty of future expectations. Comparing internal and external way, there are three aspects that external way higher than internal way. First, an outside manager can only prove how was successful in the past work, but can not prove how suitable himself or herself to this work. Second, in a small company, its organization culture is in shape, a new leader outside may not adjust to its culture or want to bring other companies culture in. It is another unknown thing. Third, if the human resource department appoint an unsuitable manager, it is not just about a waste of a position. The whole team will face an uncertain loss. Even the new manager can adopt to the new environment well. The adopting time is uncontrolled. Obviously, the external recruitment takes risk, meanwhile we can not avoid the risk of internal promotion. A company knows its employee better than outside, but this employee still will face a new occupation when get promoted. At the same time, because of many politic issues, there may lead to some contradictions among different departments. Cost Cost is a significant issue to take into accounting. It seems that choosing a worker from original department or company is the economical way. Because the company does not waste too much money or time in hiring a manager. Is it true? To realize this internal promotion system, another system named training system should be operated. When a company faces a need of manager, this system can supply a fixed person in time. Building such a perfect system requires much cost before. External recruitment demonstrates its superiority. However , if a company can not build a training system when it was settled, it can not supply the growth space for employees, which means employees who want to pursue their progress must leave this company sooner or later. What will cost is beyond the cost of training system. Income Despite the cost and risk , as a company, it should care about income. No matter internal or external way , if the new manager can make profits for the company , and make the whole manager level balance, both of them can be considered. V: Conclusion We can not conclude that internal promotion is better than external recruitment free-minded. The conclusion need depend on the industry and maturity of a company, as well as specific occupation. A small company has its own characteristics. It is stepping in a developing road. It is too frangible to bear risk. If someone do not have any experience in a small company , it is really hard for this person integrate into a small company easily. And it may make some troubles for a small companys operation based on some experiences in the big one. The new manager also need more patience. Whoever works in a developing company as a manager all under pressure. With the help of training system , an employee who has full motivation for their company and also made some achievements, understanding their organization culture in deep and having potential to be a leader can become a new manager. There is no doubt that , this type of internal employee is stronger than external candidates.