What Are The Limitations Of Delivering Vaccines - 2953 Words

What are the limitations of delivering vaccines nasally? Abstract Intranasal vaccinations are a developing area of research that can provide a promising alternative to the current strategy of intramuscular injections 1. In this review, the reasons for growing interest in intranasal administration are discussed, with those relating specifically to vaccinations being considered in more detail. In addition, the main limitations to nasal vaccines are reviewed, taking into account issues with the nasal mucosa and the vaccine formulation itself. Finally, nasal vaccinations that are currently available are discussed as well as the potential future developments in the field. Introduction Vaccinations are the cornerstone of preventing and†¦show more content†¦Since then, research in this area has been driven to overcome the issues with nasal vaccines and broaden their use as viable immunological tools. Interest in Intranasal Administration The nasal route has been extensively used for topical treatments in the past, for example, in the treatment of rhinitis with antihistamines. However, due to the appealing drug absorption potential of the nasal mucosa, intranasal administration for the systemic delivery of drugs has grown in popularity, allowing it to be considered as an alternative parenteral route of administration 11. The nasal mucosa consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that lies on top of a highly vascularised basement membrane. The columnar cell surface possesses microvilli which extensively aid systemic absorption through a greatly increased surface area 5. The highly vascularised mucosa plays a significant role in systemic absorption as blood flow, and subsequently the concentration gradient across the membrane, has a major influence in the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation 1. These anatomical aspects, coupled with the nasal cavity’s thin and porous endothelial membrane prov ide an attractive option for a range of therapeutic applications 5. An example of such an application is the administration of fentanyl. Nasal delivery of fentanyl exhibits a rapid onset of action due to the advantageous nasal anatomy and provides a Tmax of approximately 7 minutes, aShow MoreRelatedCauses And Treatments Of Gene Therapy1740 Words   |  7 Pagesprevented through vaccines. However, there are still many other diseases that can’t be cured. Many diseases have drugs and medicine that can help relieve or regulate symptoms of different medical conditions and disorders, but they do not help fix the problem at its source. However, a form of genetic engineering may soon be able to treat these problems. Gene therapy has the potential to be able to treat and cure many diseases and disorders, but it does not come without limitations and downsides. GeneRead MoreThe Origin Of The Word Nano1593 Words   |  7 Pagesdirectly into an affected organ or tissue may be technically very difficult. Mostly, the affected areas do not differ much from the normal tissues in terms of temperature, local pH value and vascular permeability. The magnetic drug delivery also has limitations connected with blood flow rate in the target. Thus, the most natural and universal way to increase the affinity of a non-specific drug to the target site is by binding the drug with targeting moiety capable of specific recognition and binding atRead MoreHow Can Knowledge Management and Organisational Learning Used to Improve Hr Management Systems and Practices and Build Intellectual Capital and Competitive Advantage for the Future.2914 Words   |  12 Pages[pic] BACHELOR OF COMMERCE BUS 378 – KNOWLEDGE AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 3 1.1 The Research Background 3 1.2 Limitation of the Report 4 1.3 Sources and Methods of Data Collection 4 2. Discussion 2.1 Knowledge Management (KM) 4 2.2 Organizational Learning (OL) 5 2.2.1 Double Loop Learning (DLL)Read MoreEvaluation Of Routine Immunization Performance Essay8403 Words   |  34 PagesChina [2]. It estimated that Pakistan has a child mortality of 86 per 1000 live birth. About 25% of these deaths are attributed to vaccine preventable diseases. In recent years the Pakistani routine immunization program faced many bottlenecks, which resulted in declining and stagnant coverage rates of all antigens leading to increasing vulnerability of children to vaccine preventable diseases. Last large measles outbreak was reported to kill more than 306 children [3]. Administrative coverage data showsRead MoreMergers Acquisitions in Pharma Industry21425 Words   |  86 Pages4.5 Research design 4.6 Qualitative research 4.7 Exploratory research 4.8 Data Collection Technique 4.8.1 Primary Data 4.8.2 Exploratory Research Design Secondary Data 4.8.3 Computerized Database 4.8.4 The Interview 4.9 Limitations of study References Chapter Five –Factors that support the research Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Foreign Direct Investment 5.2.1 Forms of FDI Chapter Summary Chapter Six-Research Findings Read MorePublic Health2465 Words   |  10 Pagesthe teaching-learning process by the health education/promotion profession. D) that the cost of health education/promotion is much less than other helping professions. Answer: C 17) The primary role of a health education specialist includes A) delivering health education/promotion programs and evaluating health education/promotion programs. B) developing health education/promotion programs for the people they serve and evaluating health education/promotion programs. C) assessing the needs and diagnosingRead MoreQuit Smoking Case Study Essay4989 Words   |  20 PagesThe task force also advises clinicians to ask all pregnant women, regardless of age, about tobacco use. Those who currently smoke should receive pregnancy-tailored counseling supplemented with self-help materials. Understanding the benefits and limitations of the available medications provides an important foundation for such a successful smoking cessation  program. Assess smoking history, level of addiction, and the health  status  of the patient. See the image below. After the assessment, interveneRead MoreSubstance Abuse Throughout Nursing : An Overview2377 Words   |  10 Pagesa weight which few but the brave can carry. To remove one’s self from the comfort of partiality and to place themselves into the hands of a sick patient without restraint is a beautiful ideal. It may seem flamboyant phrasing, but that symbolizes what a nurse is; becoming a servant to the needs of others before their own, someone who never stops choosing it. But sometimes the system fails even the strongest of soldiers; leading them down a dark and slippery path which holds the deceitful promiseRead More We Need Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay2259 Words   |  10 Pagesremoved from embryos on or before that date (NIH Stem Cell Registry). So, since George W. Bush Administrations policy on Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research was added. The policy toward s embryonic stem cell research has placed extremely serious limitations on embryonic stem cell research in this country (American Thoracic Society Documents 1043-1045). Although it was estimated that 60-80 cell lines would be available, in fact only 22 cell lines produced before the policy announcement are actuallyRead MoreThe American Travel Health Nurses Association3195 Words   |  13 PagesTravel Health Nurses Association, n.d.). One of ATHNA?s main objectives is the development of professional competencies for travel medicine through increased access to educational opportunities. However, at this time ATHNA does not have a means of delivering educational content to the majority of its members due to the organization?s large geographic spread and scheduling difficulties. Goal To further the educational objectives of ATHNA, the goal of this thesis is to provide ATHNA?s Board with a

Aristotle’s Definition Of Virtue Free Essays

Nowadays, virtues are associated with refinement and nobility of one’s character. Aristotle believed that virtue is a function of the soul that guides every action of an individual. Thus, every action illuminates the discretion of an individual to act freely the chosen disposition. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle’s Definition Of Virtue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since every human has a soul and virtue is its activity, can we classify every action as virtuous action? In Nicomachaen Ethics, Aristotle examined the inter-relations among the purpose of every human action, virtues, and vices in the achievement of happiness. Aristotle believed that the supreme good is the ultimate goal of every human endeavor. What then is the â€Å"good† for a man that can be possibly attained through his endeavors? It is happiness but relatively defined; vulgar men associated it with pleasure while people with refined character ascribed it to honor. While these things are pursued to achieve happiness in one’s self, but â€Å"good† should be pursued not only for happiness but for the â€Å"good† itself—as an end. The â€Å"good† brings happiness and is associated with function or activity. For instance, if you are a behest pianist then, you are good in playing piano for you are functioning well. The well-performance of your function creates happiness not only for yourself but also for the others, thus, giving you a unique identity. In the same line of reasoning, soul is an aspect of humans that differentiated them from the rest of the animals. Thus, man’s function concerns the soul. The rational component of the soul controls man’s impulses, thus, makes him virtuous. Therefore, â€Å"human good turns out to be an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most complete. † As such, the nature of virtue then should be explored. Moral Virtues The product of teaching is the intellectual virtue while moral virtue resulted from the habit. Thus, it is never the case that moral virtue arises spontaneously on man’s being. Moral virtues are inculcated in man’s soul and perfected by habits. â€Å"For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. For if all men are naturally born good or bad, adept or inept in certain skills, teachers have no sense at all. On the same ground, moral virtues can be learned or destroyed in one’s soul: by interacting with others we may become just or unjust; by experiencing perils we may become brave or coward; and other circumstances may impart hedonism, ill-temperance, or self-indulgence. Moreov er, by absorbing moral virtues at very young age, great difference will be made in one’s soul. Since it is through training, virtues are acquired; training then at very young age can mold virtuous personality. Conditions for the Conduct of Virtues Just and temperate actions are done by a man who has the sense of justice and temperance. â€Å"But if the acts that are in accordance with the virtues have themselves a certain character it does not follow that they are done justly or temperately. † Several conditions are necessary for the conduct of every virtuous action: knowledge of virtues; disposition for virtuous actions; and power to do virtuous actions. Hence, knowledge on virtues is not enough to become virtuous; rather, the disposition to put virtues into actions is a must. It is common sense to us, for example, that insufficient food and water taken into the body results to poor nutrition while a balanced diet ensures good health. â€Å"So too is it, then, in the case of temperance and courage and other virtues. † Avoidance of fears leads to timidity while extreme braveness endangers one’s life; absolute abstinence creates insensibility while hedonism shapes one’s indulgence. Since wrong doings are committed due to pleasure and noble character is avoided due to pain, pleasures and pain then are subjects of every virtue. The Doctrine of the Mean â€Å"Now neither virtues nor the vices are passions, because we are not called good or bad on the ground of our passions, but are so called on the ground of our virtues and our vices. † Passions, faculties, and states of character exist in the soul: passions are desires; faculties are abilities to perceive passions; and states of character are the choices to either put the passion in action or not. Feelings of pains and pleasures or passions, and the knowledge on good or bad are not virtues for virtues involve modes of choice. In addition, we naturally have faculties and desires. The man’s virtue then, involves the state of character that makes the realization of every desire that either good or bad. â€Å"For instance, both fear and confidence and appetite and anger and pity and in general pleasure and pain may be felt too much or too little, and in both cases not well; but to feel them at the right times, with reference to the right objects, towards the right people, with the right motive, and in the right way, is what is both intermediate and best, and this is the characteristic of virtue. The deficient and excess among the activities that give pleasure or pain is a vice while moral virtues lie in between of these deficiency and excessiveness, hence, the mean. However, the â€Å"mean† can not be found among actions which are entirely wrong such as crimes and envy. For the â€Å"mean† among entirely wrong actions is either its excess or deficiency, â€Å"but however, they are done they are entirely wrong; for in general there is neither a mean of excess and deficiency, nor excess and deficiency of a mean. Also, an extreme of a particular activity can be closer to its mean such as in the case of courage; courage is more of rashness than cowardice. This is so because of the things that are farther from its â€Å"mean† are its opposites. Moreover, Aristotle’s concept of the â€Å"mean† is not a strict doctrine; since the things and degree of happiness for each individual varies, so as the extent to which the â€Å"mean† for every case lies. It is only through the aid of our practical reason that we may determine the mean in a particular situation. Thus, virtue is a set of innate dispositions for the governance one’s action towards the attainment of happiness. Happiness then is not achieved unless one acted in accordance with his virtuous dispositions. Since actions are the concern of moral virtues, the attributes then of which should be examined. The Nature of Actions The nature of actions was classified by Aristotle as voluntary, nonvoluntary and involuntary. Involuntary actions are done against one’s disposition; voluntary actions are in accordance with the disposition; and nonvoluntary actions are accidentally done due to ignorance. Since virtue governs one’s disposition to act in accordance with the â€Å"mean,† the primary basis then of a virtuous action is the goodness of choice. For an action is always a product of premeditated choice of an individual for the attainment of one’s purpose, it is therefore voluntary. This also satisfies the conditions that Aristotle believed are necessary for virtue: knowledge, volition, and doing. On the other hand, if an individual was forced for a certain action, although seem involuntary, he is still responsible for that action for he has a choice for not doing. Meanwhile doing things because of ignorance is involuntary if at the end, one recognizes ignorance while failure to do so, makes it nonvoluntary. For instance, if a drunkard is addicted to liquor due to inability to discern virtuous things, the person then is guilty of ignorance and the action is nonvoluntary. If at some point of time, the person realized his ignorance, the action then becomes involuntary. With these, only ignorance can excuse an action to be called a vice but has limitation. If after realizing virtuous things, the person has continued to be a drunkard, then the action is voluntary and he is therefore vicious. Conclusion For Aristotle therefore, virtues are dispositions that acted in accordance with the doctrine of the mean towards the attainment of happiness. Happiness can not be achieved by merely just having or knowing virtues, rather by putting virtuous dispositions into actions. Thus, virtue is an active condition that makes one apt at choosing. 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Strategic Marketing of HBC Company for Management Intelligence

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Marketing of HBC Company for Management Intelligence. Answer: Introduction Hillside Beach Club has created and always maintained unique customer experience, these has helped them have competitive advantage over other competitors in the same industry. This is evident because since the start of the company has number of clients, high clients satisfaction and high return visitor rates (Chisnall, 2012). The factors that the company has put in place include the following. First of all the company provide family vacation facility this makes it a good destination for everyone as one can come with their family to have nice time as the parents can accompany their children during holidays and have time outside their normal homes (Help guide, 2016). This makes the company make good timing when n most guests arrive between April and October when even kids are out of school this makes them get much revenue during this period. Key factors that create a unique customer experience atthe HBC The club offers rich variety satisfactions from across the range of visitors such as kids, parents, travelers and those in honeymoon. Secondly, the facility is located in a secluded bay along the coast of Mediterranean and is within 34 miles from airport (Harrison, 2009). This makes it have good access to and from by many visitors internationally and locally as there are direct flights from other neighboring countries and far destinations. Being that the resort is located along the coast give it cool serene atmosphere for the visitors coming at that place and as the well good view of the see. The company also has the right team to help the management in setting up various corporate governance relationships to help the company grow, and visitors have time to rest whenever at the resort. The Alarko group that operates the Hillside Beach Club appointed the CEO who intern took a year to constitute and build a management team that has enabled the company prospers. This team is a blend of individuals from different fields creating a unique culture and help in re-thinking service delivery every day. The facility has a larger bed capacity of up to a thousand, this large capacity help them book many visitors and even the guests are always not worried if they will miss space in the club unlike a case which can happen in other facilities this too make them have a competitive advantage (Cadogan, 2009). Each of these rooms of the resort is made elegant and are having a see view making each visitors enjoy the nature. The facility has other services such as bars and shopping arcade making less than one stop point where the visitors coming to the place are less worried as they will find all they need under one roof. The resort also has a restaurant that has a large sitting capacity to accommodate many guests. It also provide open buffet where three meals are served in a day to the visitors and after the last meat at the evening is served the hotel is turned into a nightclub where visitors get to enjoy themselves just within without going away from the resort. The HBC has always remained floating at the top of leading resorts in the region (Desa, Basu, 2013). Despite other coming with better facilities that are more than those are available at the Hillside Beach Club. However, instead they have maintained their business concept of being simple, universal, and genuineness in business in which they have emphasis that the guest should pay them for feeling good at their facility (Nash, 2015). This part ly achieved by their service men and women who are always happy whenever they are serving clients making them feeling they belong to that place and want to stay longer. This also makes them think of happiness whenever they think of the facility even when they are away. Continuous development of products and services is achievable from the feedback and thoughts provided by the guests recommending on improvements they would like to be done the following day or in future, this feedbacks can be gotten from surveys responded by the guests. After getting this information the management sits down to troubleshoot the best way they can tackle and improve the recommendations (Dobni, Dobni, Luffman, 2011). adoption out of technological tools is also make the clients have a good experience being that their comfort is not disturbed at all they do things at their locations within and outside the facility (Bharathi, 2016). This is applicable in many ways as the guests can do reservations at the facility from their homes even a year before the arrivals, from the rooms, and at any point, within the facility, the guests are able to communicate with the resort to solve a problem or make order or inquiry. Those that come with their kids for a vocation there is also a mobile application that is used for tracking kids within the facility at the kids side. Guest relations also help in building good customer experience as this is done by in most respect (Brooksbank, 2011). The guest relations department coordinates this and in their current facility, HBC has employed servant-master relationship with their guest, which is full of genuineness With the planned establishment of Hillside Beach Club in Cyprus they must put in place right approach to help them penetrate the market in their new location, therefore the management of HBC has to consider many factors that they had in Turkey which made their clients have a good experience at their resort (Battell, 2006). This must be made possible because it is the same clients they are going to serve in the new location even though some experience might be site related, but they just have to transfer how they do things in Turkey to the new location. These factors that bring about good customer experience include but not limited to continuous product development by the management, this because every yearly season the company wants to create a good experience for the guests where they do not want to do things same way year in year out (Miller, Biggart, Newton, 2013). This is achievable from the feedback and thoughts provided by the guests recommending on improvements they would lik e to be done the following day or in future, this feedbacks can be gotten from surveys responded by the guests. After getting this information the management sits down to troubleshoot the best way they can tackle and improve the recommendations. The team also has to evaluate the trends and competition in the region where they are to move in, they also have to analyze what guests from their new region like whenever they came at their resort this will as well give them type of experience they expect in the new location in Cyprus. Use of technological tools is also a must and must be adopted in a new location; this will make the clients have a good experience being that their comfort is not disturbed at all they do things at their locations within and outside the facility. This is applicable in many ways as the guests can do reservations at the facility from their homes even a year before the arrivals, from the rooms and at any point within the facility, the guests are able to communicate with the resort to solve a problem or make order or inquiry (Lavy, 2013). Those that come with their kids for a vocation there is also a mobile application that is used for tracking kids within the facility at the kids side. Sales and marketing of the facility is another approach that helps in enhancing the customer experience. They must put in place aggressive marketing techniques this will help in building the brand and place it at some level across the globe making their new location preferred facility by many guests. Based on their brand loyalty at the first location this can be translated in the new location as many guests who have had experience at the HBC in turkey can come easily in a new location in Cyprus with the expectation of getting the same experience in they got at the resort. The company has even employed technology in markets such as the use of Facebook, twitter, snapchat, Instagram (Sole, 2009). They use these tools for public relations and get feedback from their guests. The high number of rooms and beds at the new facility in Cyprus also gives the customers confidence that they will not miss out. Use of ICT systems to help in their daily operations in management and help in decision support services to the managers. These systems are used for accounting and reporting within the organization it is useful in helping on the mixing of nationalities of the guests in the rooms helping in reducing predomination of specific rooms by individuals from one nationality due to high demand of the facility by guests both locally and internationally. Factors of the customer experience that should be adapted to the Cyprus location Based on the reservations made by the guests from a specific region, chefs are able to make a menu for those guests, as they will be able to know their preferred food. Such management also helps the resort in monitoring their revenues making the organization having a strong financial base thus, they are able to expand and undertake any renovations and refurbishment of the facility (Potter, 2002). Guest relations also help in building good customer experience and this must be done by at most respect this must be transmitted to the new location in Cyprus. In their current facility, HBC has employed servant-master relationship with their guest, which is full of genuineness. With the planned establishment of Hillside Beach Club in Cyprus they must put in place right approach to help them penetrate the market in their new location, therefore the management of HBC has to consider many factors that they had in Turkey, which made their clients, have a good experience at their resort. This mu st be made possible because it is the same clients they will serve in the new location even though some experience might be site related, but they just have to transfer how they do things in Turkey to the new location. These factors that bring about good customer experience include but not limited to continuous product development by the management, this because every yearly season the company wants to create a good experience for the guests where they do not want to do things same way year in year out. The resort also has a restaurant that has a large sitting capacity to accommodate many guests. It also provide open buffet where three meals are served in a day to the visitors and after the last meat at the evening is served the hotel is turned into a nightclub where visitors get to enjoy themselves just within without going away from the resort. The HBC has always remained floating at the top of leading resorts in the region (Desa, Basu, 2013). Despite other coming with better facilities that are more than those are available at the Hillside Beach Club. However, instead they have maintained their business concept of being simple, universal, and genuineness in business in which they have emphasis that the guest should pay them for feeling good at their facility. References Battell, C. (2006). Effective marketing (1st ed.).Alexandria, Va.: ASTD Press. Bharathi, A. (2016). Marketing fundamentals. Higher Learning Research on Health, 6(4). Brooksbank, R. (2011). Business Management and communication. Management Intelligence Planning, 12(4), 10-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509410060695 Dobni, B., Dobni, D., Luffman, G. (2011). Behavioral approaches to marketing techniques. Learning Intelligence Planning, 19(6), 400-408. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500110405405 Desa, G. and Basu, S. (2013). International media on marketing techniques. Strategic marketing Journal, 7(1), pp.26-49. Cadogan, J. (2009). Business Management. Los Angeles [u.a.]: Sage. Chisnall, P. (2012). Education on marketing practices: Systematic business management. Long Range Planning, 13(1), 99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301 (80)90070-9 Help guide. (2016). Strategic Marketing: Improving your marketing strategies. Helpguide.org. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships/strategic-marketing.htm Harrison, F. (2009). Effective marketing. The Management Guide 2(3), 12-17. Sole, K. (2009). Making connections: Understanding marketing principles. Bridge point. Lavy, I. (2013). Soft Skills An Important Key to marketing in the "Shift to a Service-Driven Economy" Era. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management, and e-Learning. Miller, L., Biggart, A., and Newton, B. (2013). Basic Marketing skills. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.173-175. Nash, E. (2015). International Business Management. New York: McGraw Hill. Potter, E. (2002). Improving Marketing Skills and Employability in the 21st Century. Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 55(4), p.739